Term
| Cytology is the study of... |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Cytology should be used as the final step in making a diagnosis. |
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Definition
| FALSE: should be used as a preliminary diagnostic tool |
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Term
| What can cytology tell us about a lesion? |
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Definition
-is it inflammatory?
-degree, severity
-possibly even etiology |
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Term
| T/F: Cytology may be used in place of histology. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Cytology is helpful in diagnosing malignancies or hyperplasia. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name and describe the 3 cell types of a female reproduction cytology: |
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Definition
-parabasal: smallest cells, high N:C ratio, basophilic cytoplasma
-intermediate: ~2x larger than parabasal, smaller nuclei
-superficial/cornified: small/round or absent nucleus, abundant cytoplasma |
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Term
| Proestrus cytology in general, and early/late: |
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Definition
neutrophils, parabasal, intermediate, cornified, mucus
EARLY: mixed cell types; WBCs, RBCs, intermediate
LATE: less WBCs, superficials start to dominate |
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Term
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Definition
| ~90% superficial epis with NF |
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Term
| Metrestrus/Diestrus cytology: |
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Definition
| fewer superficial, increasing parabasal/intermediate, segs reappear; can look like proestrus |
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Term
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Definition
| parabasal and intermediate, may have some RBCs/WBCs |
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Term
| What is the proper way to swab an abscess? |
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Definition
| swab on the edges of the abscess, not in the center; the center is mostly dead segs |
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Term
| When performing a fine needle aspirate, should one maintain or release the pressure when withdrawing the needle? |
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Definition
| release pressure before removing needle, otherwise you're getting cells from all the tissues passed as the needle exits |
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Term
| After swabbing an abscess or body cavity, what is the proper way to make a slide? |
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Definition
| roll swab onto slide so cells aren't destroyed |
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Term
| After scraping a tissue, what method should be used to make a slide? |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of centesis from PP: |
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Definition
-abdominocentesis
-thoracocentesis
-cystocentesis
-arthrocentesis |
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Term
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Definition
-anesthesia and aseptic prep for peritoneal or pleural fluid
-can make smears OR
-fluid in EDTA or beaker, centrifuge, RTT to check for clotting, gross exam (color, turbidity) |
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Term
| Transtracheal and transbrachial washes are performed to look for: |
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Definition
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Term
| What to do with fluid samples: |
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Definition
-aliquot into EDTA tube, RTT, sterile container or culture media
-measure TP and SG
-centrifuge 5min low speed, make smears from sediment |
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Term
| Mesothelial cells are found where? |
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Definition
| lines body cavities like pleural/peritoneal cavities |
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Term
| How would you describe a fluid that has a TP of 35g/dL and +4 macrophages? |
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Definition
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Term
| Another term for "touch prep"? What is it? |
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Definition
-"imprint"
-pressing an excised tissue onto a slide |
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Term
| What sort of tissues can be examined via touch prep? |
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Definition
-any accessible surface (dermis, gingiva, mucosa, etc)
-necropsy specimens, esp. liver and spleen
-external lesions (Tzanch prep) |
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Term
| Tzanch prep is a type of _____. How do they differ? |
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Definition
-type of touch prep
Regular Touch Prep
-dab fresh cut on gauze
-then dab onto slide
Tzanch Prep
-dab fresh cut onto slide
-clean sample with saline
-debride sample
-make more imprints |
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Term
| Name the 3 ways to make a slide of fluid in a syringe: |
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Definition
-squash prep
-modified squash (rotate 45 degrees before pulling)
-starfish |
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Term
| large, round to slightly caudate cells that tend to cluster or occur in sheets, with high cellularity |
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Definition
| epithelial / glandular / mesothelial |
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Term
| Preferred method of evaluation for connective tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What size and shape of cells are found in connective tissue? |
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Definition
| small to medium sized, spindle to stellate shaped |
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Term
| A soft mass in an older dog may be a ____. Is this a bad thing? |
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Definition
| lipoma - can turn cancerous; fibrous attachment = bad sign |
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Term
| What cells tend to occur in sheets? What cells tend to occur singly? |
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Definition
sheets: epithelial / glandular / mesothelial
singly: connective tissue (spindle/stellate) |
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Term
| discrete, small to medium cells, high cellularity in aspirates |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytology of a normal lymph node will show... |
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Definition
| discrete round cells, various stages of maturation |
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Term
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Definition
| incomplete cell division resulting in improper alignment of chromosomes |
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Term
| Abnormal mitosis can result in: |
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Definition
-multi-nucleated giant cells
-unequal #s of nuclei within a cell
-distinctly abnormal shapes in metaphase |
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Term
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Definition
| combining form denoting relationship to gland/s |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of cells resembling a many-lobed berry |
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Term
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Definition
| variation in nuclear size |
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Term
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Definition
| variation in nucleolar shape/size; more significant if variation occurs in same nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| malignant growth of epithelial cells (tends to metastasize |
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Term
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Definition
| overall number of cells seen on a slide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased nucleoli size >5 microns |
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Term
| multinucleation - define and describe significance |
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Definition
| more than one nucleus in a cell; more significant if accompanied by anisokaryosis, very significant if odd # nuclei in same cell |
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Term
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Definition
| any new or abnormal growth, may be benign or malignant |
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Term
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Definition
| ratio of nuclear volume to cytoplasmic volume |
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Term
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Definition
| one nucleus folds over another within same cell; high likelihood of malignancy |
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Term
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Definition
| variation of size and shape of same cell type |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue cell tumor |
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Term
| How to conduct the microscopic exam: |
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Definition
-scan on low power
-investigate on high or oil
-look for trends! |
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Term
| Questions to ask yourself when reviewing a cytology under the microscope? |
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Definition
-is sample adequately prepared?
-is there a uniform population of cells?
-what type of cells do you see?
-is it inflammatory cells? what type?
-is it neoplastic? benign or showing traits of malignancy?
-are there nuclear changes?
-any signs of malignancy? |
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Term
| What can mimic neoplasia? |
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Definition
| inflammation, because toxic changes distort how everything looks |
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Term
| Types of inflammation you can see on a cytology: |
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Definition
| --Suppurative / Purulent (neutrophilic): active or acute non-degen or degenerative neutrophils --Granulomatous / Pyogranulomatous (monocytic/macrophagic): chronic --Neutrophilic & Monocytic (mixed cell): chronic active --Eosinophilic |
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Term
| A cytology of a purulent discharge shows tons of degenerative segs. What should you probably do next? |
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Definition
| culture the discharge if really degenerative |
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Term
| A snake gets an abscess after being bitten by its live prey. You swab the fresh abscess and make a slide. What cells do you expect to see a lot of on the cytology? |
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Definition
| -tons of heterophils, maybe some monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| small, condensed nucleus from slow cell death (aging); may fragment (karyorrhexis) |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking apart of the pyknotic (small/condensed) nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid cell death from a toxic environment; swollen, ragged nucleus with decreased staining |
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Term
| 10 criteria for malignancy: |
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Definition
-anisonucleosis, anisonucleoliosis
-anisokaryosis
-cellular pleomorphisms
-increased N:C ratio ( > 1:2)
-increased and/or atypical mitotic figures
-coarse chromatin
-macrokaryosis
-nuclear molding
-polynucleosis, polynucleoliosis, macronucleoliosis
-cellular anisocytosis |
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Term
| How many signs of malignancy must be present to suggest malignancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| On a cytology you see only one cell type, but there are no signs of malignancy. What is probably going on? |
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Definition
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Term
What do you call an epithelial cell neoplasia found in the...
-epidermis?
-liver |
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Definition
-squamous cell carcinoma
-hepatocellular adenocarcinoma |
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Term
What do you call a connective tissue cell neoplasia found in the...
-cartilage?
-bone?
-fat? |
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Definition
-chondrosarcoma
-osteosarcoma
-liposarcoma |
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Term
| What does "hematogenous" means? What are hematogenous neoplasms named for? |
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Definition
-originating in or carried by the blood
-named for specific cell line involved (eg lymphoblastic leukemia) |
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Term
| Example of a discrete cell tumor: |
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Definition
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