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Cytology - Biology Ch. 7
The study of the cell.
50
Biology
9th Grade
11/23/2009

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Term
Robert Hooke
Definition
1665 - "coined" the term "cell" while looking at cork.
Term
Anton Von Leewonhook
Definition
1667 - First to see protozoans
-Developed the micoroscope
Term
Robert Brown
Definition
1830s - First to see the nucleus.
-On a stained specimen
Term
Theodor Schwann
Definition
States that "animals are composed of cells"
Term
Rudolph Virchow
Definition
1858 - Austrian, Formulates the "Cell Theory"
-Basic Statements: 1. Cell = basic unit of life.
2. Cells reproduce to to make other cells
Term
Two Basic Cell Types:
Definition
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Term
Prokaryotic
Definition
Simple cells, lacking most organelles and a true nucleus. -> have nuclioid and ribosomes

-Only belong to manera (archibacteria and eubacteria)
Term
Eukaryotic
Definition
True nucleus
-All other forms of life
-Complex Cells
-Complex organelles
Term
Organelles
Definition
"tiny organs"
Term
Nucleus
Definition
"command center"
-directs all cell activity
-hold chromatin: tangled mass of chromosomes
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
-46 chromosomes
-except sperm (33) and egg (23): together they = 46
Term
Histone
Definition
-Protein
-DNA wraps itself around histone and creates chromosomes
Term
Mitosis
Definition
Dividing of cells
Term
Nucleolus (Nucleoli)
Definition
"communication center"
site of production of RNA
Term
Nuclear Membrane
Definition
-Surround the nucleus
-Semipermeable (molecules can pass in and out of the membrane depending on size)
Term
Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)
Definition
"Gatekeeper"
-semipermeable
-selectively regulates passage of materials in and out of the cell
-dynamic/fluid
-living material
Term
Cell Wall
Definition
-Outside of plants, fungi, algae, bacteria
-Supports and protects
-nonfluid
-nonliving
-composed of cellulose
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
"Power house"
*cellular respiration occurs
-Glucose -> ATPs (energy)
-Double membrane - inner has many folds: called the cristae (many folds allows for a greater surface area, creating greater production of energy)
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
"super highways"
-series of channels to transport materials around the cell

Rough ER: with ribosomes
Smooth ER: without ribosomes
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
"protein factories"
*where proteins are made (most things are composed of proteins)
-Site of protein synthesis
Term
Golgi Bodies (Apparatus/Complex)
Definition
Non connected flattened sacs stacked on top of eachother: Each individual sac = cisternae

-Store, modefy, sort out, and secrete cell products
ex. involved in the making of lysosomes
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
"clean up crew"
-sacs of digestive enzymes
-will latch onto something (like a mitochondria) and break it down
Term
Vacuole
Definition
-Larges organelle in plant cell (also found in animal cells)
-filled with water
-They are vesicles containing H2O, or food, or wastes

Endocytosis: taking it in
Exocytosis: moving out
Term
Plastids
Definition
Found in plants and algae
-membrane bound vesicles

ex.) chromoplasts
Term
Chromoplasts
Definition
-pigments containing organelles

ex.) Chloroplasts which contains the pigment clorophil
Term
Luecoplast
Definition
Store food (starches and lipids)
-energy source during dormant seasons
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
stack of thylokoids = Granum -> which contains chloroplasts
-site of photosynthesis
Term
Centrosome
Definition
area near the nucleus containing a pair of centrioles
Term
Centrioles
Definition
9 sets of 3 microtubules
-proteins that form tiny tubes
-2 centrioles found in a pair at right angles to one another
-play very important role in mitosis
-only found in animal cells
-found in area called centricome
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Microtubule: hollow tubes of protein + Microfilament: tiny solid protein strands
-together forms the skeletal structure or our cells
Term
Cellular Transport
Definition
Movement of materials in and out of a cell.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Movement of materials from an are of high concentration to area of lesser concentrations
-continues until a dynamic equilibrium is reached
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Diffusion of water
Term
Parts of a solution
Definition

Solute + Solvent

-Solvent (greater) dissolves the solute (lesser) -H2O - universal solvent

Term
Hypotonic solution
Definition
lesser concentration of a solute
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
Greater concentration of a solute
Term
Isotonic
Definition
Equal concentration of solute
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
Diffusion without energy
Term
Plasmolysis
Definition
Excessive cell H2O loss
"shrinkage"
-dehydrated -> results in cell death
Term
Osmotic Pressure
Definition
Pressure resulting from H2O moving into a cell
-called turgor pressure in plants
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
Protein channel used to help glucose diffusion
"gate" in the membrane
Term
Active Transport
Definition
Requires ATP (use of energy)
-low -> high concentration
ex. kidney cells
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
taking into the cell
ex. phagocytosis: White blood cells engulf bacteria
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
"cell drinking"
taking in liquids or very small solids
Term
Phospholipid Bilayer
Definition
Group of lipid
-glycerold, 2 fatty acids, and PO4
Term
Head
Definition
found in membrane
-made of phosphate and glycerol
-polar
hydrophilic (water loving)
-charged
-move side to side
Term
Tail
Definition
Found in membrane
Made of the two fatty acids
-nonpolar
-Hydrophobic: repel water
-not charged
-move vertically
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
Lipid only found in animals
- rigid lipid supplying structure to the fluid membrane
-affected by heat
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Receptors for incoming chemical messages
Term
Division of labor + Cell organelle interaction
Definition
-each cell has a specific function
-organelles work together for the proper functioning of a cell
ex. production of lysosomes
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