Home > Flashcards > Physiology > Cumalative Final

Details Title: Cumalative Final Description: BLAH Total Flash Cards: 119 Created: 04/29/2007 18:55:30	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Central Nervous System Definition CNS Brain and Spinal cord only Term Neuraxis Definition Imaginary line in the center of the spinal cord Term anterior (rostral) Definition front of neuraxis Term poterior (caudal) Definition back of neuraxis Term dorsal Definition back, but spine curves so dorsal is also top Term ventral Definition front, but also bottom Term medial Definition towards the midline Term lateral Definition away from the midline Term Sagittal Plane Definition "Hot Dog Slice" right down the middle Term Horizontal Plane Definition "Hamburger Slice" - horizontal to the floor Term Transverse (Frontal) Definition "Loaf of Bread" Term PNS - Autonomic Definition organs, glands, cardiac muscles, smooth muscle Term PNS-Autonomic-Parasympathetic Definition rest, building up energy Term PNS-Autonomic-Sympathetic Definition using energy, stress, some types or emergency if running for too long mental and physical health consequences post traumatice stress syndrome Term Contralateral and Ipsilateral Definition contralateral - opposite side ipsilateral - same side Term Hind Brain/Brain Stem Definition Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum Term Midbrain Definition Very small Term Forebrain Definition majority of the brain Term Cranial Nerves Definition OOO-TAT-FAG-VSH Term Olfactory Definition Smell, sensory only Term Optic Definition Vision, sensory only Term Oculomotor Definition Eye movement, motor only Term Trochlear Definition Eye movement, motor only Term Abducens Definition Eye movement, motor only Term Trigeminal Definition Jaw muscles, sensory and motor Term Facial Definition Face Muscles, sensory and motor Term Auditory Definition Hearing and balance, sensory only Term Glossopharyngeal Definition throat/laranyx, sensory and motor Term Vagus Definition Internal Organs - sensory and motor Term Spinal Accessory Definition Neck Muscles, motor only Term Hypoglossal Definition tounge movements, motor only Term CSF Definition cerebro spinal fluid - constantly being produced Term Meninges Definition Dura Mater - Top - Thick Arachnoid Mater - Middle Pia Mater - Bottom Term Choroid Plexus Definition Lines ventricles and produces CSF Term Order of Ventricles Definition Lateral-Foramen of Monro - Third - Aqueduct of Sylvius - Fourth - Foramen of Lushka - Subarachnoid Space Term Deviated Ventricles Definition space occupying mass (tumor) Term Enlarged Ventricles Definition old people, alzheimers, schizophrenics, anorexics Term Hindbrain - Myelenchehalon Definition Medulla Oblongta - medullary Term Hindbrain Definition Metencephalon - pons and cerebellum Term Medulla Definition -Contains millions and millions of neurons = fibers of passage -almost all vital information goes through the medulla Term Blood Brain Barrier Definition -size of the opneings in the cells and distance from capillary and brain -not absolute, some nasty things can cross Term Pons Definition Many nuclei involving sleep, waking, arousal, dreaming Term Cerebellum Definition -Attached to the brain by the penducles -involved in movement - computer to coordinate sensory information, muscle information, make on-going movements smooth and coordinated -doesn't initiate, just makes them move once they are started -movement without a goal is senseless; you must have incoming sensory information Term Damage to Cerebellum - Spastic Definition clumsy, uncoordinated Term Damage to Cerebellum - Ataxic Definition Stumbling drunk, newborn colt Term Damage to Cerebellum - Atonia Definition Generalized muscular weakness Term Damage to Cerebellum Definition Dysmetria - misjudges the distance of things Term Damage to Cerebellum - Dysdiadochokinesia Definition Robotic movements, every movement is broken down, must think through every movement Term Aqueduct of Sylvius Definition Divides the midbrain Term Tectum - Superior Colliculi Definition Orienting to visual stimluli - what and where Term Tectum - Inferior Colliculi Definition Orienting to auditory stimuli Term Retina Tectal System Definition Where something is (old) Term Retina Geniculo Striate Definition What something is - new Term D.B. Definition -right visual cortex striate removed -blind in left visual field in both eyes -could point to a stimulus in Blind LVF -Could distinguish between X and O 90% of the time -Could distinguish between red and green stimulus 90% of the time Term Tegmentum and SN Definition Several nuclei, most important = substantia Nigra - manufactures dopamine -dopamine is taken from SN up to BG where it is released Term Parkinsons Definition -Can only treat symptoms -No gender differences -Have to lose 80% of SN before any symptoms manifest Term Stages of Parkinsons - Stage 1 Definition -Unilateral posterual disturbance "tilt" -maybe a slight resting tremor -doesn't effect social life, job, etc. Term Stages of Parkinsons - Stage 2 Definition -Bilateral disturbance, stooped posture, bilateral tremor, hands and fingers are juxtapose, movements get smaller and smaller, shuffle feet, voice gets softer, expression gets less dramatic, turn with whole body - don't pivot, Bradykinesia = slow movements, often experience falls Term Stages of Parkinsons - Stage 3 Definition - Propulsion - step too far out and can't catch themselves -Retropulsion - can't catch themselves backwards -After sitting or laying or falling they become frozen and they can't move, have to trick themselves into moving -Gate disturbances, postural instability Term Stages of Parkinsons - Stage 4 Definition Should not be left alone, sig. difficulty caring for themselves, trouble chewing and swallowing, limited walking ability, very prone to falls, black stare on face, face breaks out Term Stages of Parkinsons - Stage 5 Definition -Invalid, confined to bed, wheelchair -Death Term Parkinsons Cognitive Problems Definition -Memory defecits - Between stages 3 & 4 -Rule Memory - Stage 4 -Wander away - Stage 5 -Micrographia - writing gets smaller and smaller and shakier Term Parkinson Treatments Definition Tyrosine - L-Dopa - Dopamine -L-Dopa - alleviates symptoms, harsh side effects, only take if neccessary -Stage 1 - no meds -Stage 2 - low L-Dopa -Stage 3 - moderate L-Dopa -Stage 4 - Very High L-Dopa Beyond Stage 5 no more meds **All patients get L-Dopa and Deprenyl** Term China White Definition Instantly attacked and killed SN Term Hypothalamus Definition -Controls pituitary gland, eating, drinking, fight, fleeing, mating, temperature regulation, sleeping Term Pituitary Gland - Anterior Lobe Definition 2 stages: Stage 1: cells send signaling hormones called releasing hormones Stage 2: Produces hormones into blood Term Pituitary Gland - Posterior Lobe Definition made in the hypothalamus Term Lateral Hypothalamus Definition Eating center Term Hormones involved in eating Definition MCH=Melanin Concentrated Hormone Orexin Term Neuropeptide Y Definition Neuropeptide Y - Arcuate Nucleus - Releases Neuropeptide Y - Triggers MCH and Orexin Term Ventromedial H Definition Satiety Center Term Anorexia Nervosa Definition -15-20% die from the disorder -Typically starts in adolescence - usually by dieting - dieting comes with reinforcement -slowly and gradually becomes more and more concerned about weight -develops fear of being overweight and control issue -Strongly increase exercise -People become very concerned -Taken to doctor against will -Bulemia may be involved -Possibly institutionalized -Often cook alot, dream about food, collect reciepies -Very mized messages about whether they are actually hungry -usually very high acheivers Term Amygdala Definition Emotion Term Central Nucleus Definition single most important place for emotional expression damage = very low emotion Term Focal Epilepsy in Amygdala Definition -Emotional outbursts -Post Ictal depression - nerves are tired after epilepsy Term Bilateral Amygdalectomy Definition "Girl Story" -Flat affect -Pathologically low affect -No emotion Term H.M. Definition -Epilepsy at age 16, consistently getting worse -at age 27 2-3 Grand Mal Seizures a day -Removed Hippocampus, most of amygdala -Bilateral hippocampectome, amydalectomy, and some surrounding cortex -completely stopped seizures -did not change IQ -did change behavior -severe memory problems -Anterograde Amnesia - can't learn new things -can recall things from before operation -Short term memory is there but any interruptions and its gone -No symantic memory -No episodic memory could learn procedural memory Term Limbic System Definition Hippocampal and surrounding cortex - declarative memories Term Procedural Memory Definition Temporal cortex and basal ganglia Term Hemisphere Specialization Definition Left Hemisphere-controls right side Right Hemisphere-controls left side "True" langauge "mostly" in most people a function of left hemisphere False - No right brained, left brained people Term Fissures Definition Sulcus Fissure - "Central Rolondo" - verticle, middle, top Longitudinal - Sylvian Fissure - horizontal - middle - front Term Broca's Aphasia Definition -damage to area above Sylvian Fissure -inability to talk -frontal left damage Term Severed Corpus Callosum Definition -"split brain" -something placed in right hand they can identify it -something placed in left hand they can't identify it - know what they object is, but can't say it Term Symptoms of Broca's Aphasia Definition -very poor articulation -searching for a word -agrammatism - omit function words -anomia - not being able to find the right words -often able to say over learned expressions -strings run together -can sing songs they know with words they can't say -can say emtionally toned words with great clarity Term Prosidy Definition -Musicality and emotionality driven speech -right frontal lobe Term Wernicki's Area Definition Posterior, suferior left temporal lobe -very rapid speech -very good articulation -very poor content and vey little comprehension "word salad" Term Wernicki's Area Definition Posterior, suferior left temporal lobe -very rapid speech -very good articulation -very poor content and vey little comprehension "word salad" Term Wernicki's Area Definition Posterior, suferior left temporal lobe -very rapid speech -very good articulation -very poor content and vey little comprehension "word salad" Term 3 problems with Wernicki's Definition -difficulty wth perceptual recognition with words, often can't break down words into physical components -meaning -convert thoughts to words **almost never aware of their deficit** Term Precentral Cortex Definition -Primary motor cortex for opposite 1/2 of "moving" body - "upside down" - top controls foot - leg - arm - face Term Post central cortex Definition -Primary somatosensory cortex = opposite 1/2 = upside down - "feeling" Term Frontal Lobe Definition -Phineas Gage - rod in head - complete personality change -massive damage to the frontal lobe, doesn't change IQ -dorsal and ventral division -Orbital = ventral medial Term Dorsal Lateral Damage Definition -short term memory -inablility to inhibit on-going behavior and shift to new behavior -temporal memory (sequences) Term Wisconsin Card Sorting Task Definition -4 decks of cards -Shape, color, and number -sort into 4 piles so that each card in each deck is similar -tell patient it's not correct -patient SHOULD change sorting styles -if dorsal lateral damage is present patient can't switch Term Orbital/Ventral Medial Damage Definition -lose the ability to judge what behaviors are socially appropriate Term Neurons - 3 functional areas Definition -Receives Information -Integration -Sends Information Term Classic Multi-Polar Cell Definition -Leaving the cell body ae multiple poles and stalks Term Bi-Polar cell Definition only 2 - contained in sensory systems alot in vision Term Uni-Polar Cell Definition Spinal Cord only Term Bilipid Layer Definition -membrane around the cell body -very protective -keeps things in and keeps things out -called the plasma membrane -phosphate head and 2 lipid tails -everything in the cell has a plasma membrane Term Lipid Definition hydrophobic - fat doesn't like water Term Phosphate Definition attracts water Term Exocytosis Definition exit cell Term Endocytosis Definition Enter cell Term Diffusion Definition -spreading out molecules from high concentration to low concentration -Spread out because they are bouncing off of each other Term Electromagnetic Definition -opposites attract and like charges repel -electrolytes - molecules that wehn dissolved in water, split into charged particles = ions -Salt - most important in body Term Channel Activation Definition -Channels on the dendrites are activted by neurotransmitters -Channels on the axon are activated by electricity Term Action Potential Definition A Resting Potential A-B Subthreshold Depolarizations B Threshold of Excitation -65mv B-C Na+ enters the cell C Na+ channels close/k+ channels open C-D k+ exits the cell D k+ channels close D-E resting potential restored 1) diffusion 2) sodium-potassium pump E resting potential Term CNS Cells Definition Oligodendroglia Term PNS Cells Definition Schwann Term Action Potential Facts Definition -occurs at Nodes of Ranvier -saves energy because action only occurs at NofR -Much faster - sparking down the axon=salatory conduction -Action potential does not decrease in amplitude as they travel down the axon, they are self-regenerating -All-or-None - fires or doesn't -Stimulus intensity is by action potential frequency and number of neurons firing Term Synapse Definition -extremely small, poeple used to think there was no space -speed slower at synapse b/c exchange of chemicals slows down electricity -Otto Leowi and frong experiment Term Chemical Transmission at Synapse Definition 1. Ca++ enter the terminal button 2. cause vesicles to migrate to presynaptic membrane 3. Fusion with pre synaptic membrane 4. Neurotransmitters are released into the synapes **synapse vessicles follow through "ropes" of protiens to land on post synaptic receptors** Term Post Synaptic Receptors - Ionotropic Definition neurotransmitters simply open the door, but does not enter the cell -sodium of potassium enters/leaves the cell and may or may not have action potential -sodium (excitatory) - could fire -Potassium (inhibitory) - inhibits the cell Term Reuptake Definition -protein pump in the membrane sucks neurotransmitter up -almost all neurotransmitters -extremely rapid Term Enzymes Definition -break aparet neurotransmitters not reuptaken -acetylcholine Term Two types of post synaptic receptors Definition Ionotropic-lock and key - opens pore - allows ions to flow Metabotropic - indirect, long lasting, slower effect Term Agonist Definition any substance that enhances the post synaptic effect of the neurotransmitter whether the neurotransmitter is inhibitory of excitatory Term Antagonist Definition any substance that hinders the post synaptic effect of the neurotransmitter, whether the neurotransmitter is inhibitory or excitatory