Def. #1

The Culture of a group shared socially learned knowledge, and patterns of behavior

Def. #2

Culture refers to the symbolic resources and practices that people use to bring meaning and significance to their social and political-economic existence

Ethnography

To describe or write about people and their social and cultural life

Involves:

Selection: Chooing materials

Emphasis: Background and Foreground

Distortion: Misunderstanding

Perspective: A standpoint

It is ALWAYS PARITAL, POSITIONED, AND PROVISIONAL

Seeing something from a native's point of view

Seeing something from a non-native point of view

The European Expansion

Incorporation of:

Capitalism

Improved communication and transport

Industrial-technological expansion

Rise of nation-states and overseas colonies

Population growth and movement

Widening differences in wealth and consumption

Speakers of different langauges are led  by these langauges to different ways of understanding and living in the world

Made up language relativity

There are limits to the use of relative concepts between cultures.  To use one concepts among different cultures it has to be messed around with or modified

Speak two or more languages

Speak one language

Took many different cultures and tested each of them on how they preceive color.  Results showed that there is a consistent choice between the shades of colors from different cultures.

A phenome is the smallest differentable category of sound recognized by a speaker of a given language

Example: /b/ or /p/

Communites with differences and inequalities. They consist of divsion of linguistic labor. Also there are different categories of speakers and hearers.  Also consist of boundaries and restricted knowledge

Example: men cant speak to women, certain phenomes aren't used

Doing things by speaking

Jobs that only require linguistic abilites, and also train linguistic abilites

Example: Call centers in india

Being able to use multiple languages in conversation

Example: diverted to Delhi, they spoke American English and Australian English

Modern nation-states are standarizing language by using that wanted language in all their prints.

Codeswitching

Bilingualism and Multilingualism

Did a study to see if social class played a part in language quality of people.

They used the cardinal directions.  North was always the same, it didn't mean everything in front of me is north.

When speak to their mother-in-law they must speak with the "avoidance language" to their brother-in-law

No cursing or talking about the genitalia

Speak differently depending on who are you talking to

Social Magic of Things

1. Objects attributed with intentionality or power

2. Over-valued objects, connected with desires

         Example: Shells and Gold in "First Contact"

3. Emerged in 17th century trade between Europe and Africa, referred to objects (ususally worn) that did not fit with capitalist calculations of value 

Foraging

Hunting and Gathering

Divided work among genders

Reciprocal sharing of food and possesions

Shifting cultivation

harvesting and planting with less intensive use of land and labor

Land is key

Intensive use of land to grow crops

maining domesticated animals for work

Property is key

Herding

Having labor specific for men or specific for women

Rreciprocal exchange through gift-giving (gift enonomies)

Market: Exchanges of godds at prices based on supply and demand

Redistribution: Movement of goods to a center and thne re-allotted back to consumber producers

Reciprocity: Reciprocal exchange through gift-giving (gift economies)

Cosmology and religion mapped onto political economical relations

Ritual authority of the center

Typical of pre-modern hindu-buddhist state

Power supported ritual

Nayar Marriage

Polyandry

communication between strangers (citizen)

mediate between individual and the global order

Bride side to groom side

Gift giving

Nike Air

Important stage in ones life

Separation

Transistion

Reincorporation

Kaluli do ingestion and insemination of semen

Etoro do insemination of semen

Hijra - neither man nor woman

Berdache - man and woman

Bissu - wards of evil spirits third gener

source of identiy and aspirations

source of loyalties and ethical imperatives

a way of thinking about being a "people" and fitting into the broader wold system

Soroate is when husband marries wife's sister

Levriate is when wife marries husbands brother

trading of spouses

gift relationship

"sister exchange"

General Exchange

A wife is given down from each lineage until it the last lineage gives back to the first one

investment of money to make profit

requires markets

requires mobile capital

requires mobile wage labor

creates and separates work from leisure

disembedded capital, labor, production and consumption

all economic activities are cultural

captialism absorbed into local cultural logics

non-european or so-called "peripheral" people were not passive actors

the WORLD SYSYTEM IS MULTICULTURAL AND NOT EUROPEAN