Term
| Development of a _____ model to explain early human behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Evolutionary change in 2 or more unrelated organisms, because of similar environment pressures, which results in these organisms developing similar morphological characteristics
Ex: old and new world monkeys |
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Term
| Example of Parrallel Evolution being used in Anthropology |
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Definition
| Development of cities or the advent of domestication |
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Term
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Definition
| When parralel evolution occurs under similar environment conditions, the organisms will become morphologically similar |
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Term
| Example of Convergent Evolution |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of Convergent Evolution used in Anthropology |
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Definition
| The adoption of horses in North America --> Comanche (New Mexico) and Sioux (Dakotas) had very similar cultures because of the use of horses in their cultures |
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Term
| Difference between Parrallel and Convergent Evolution |
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Definition
| Same idea, but Convergent is to a higher degree of morphological similarities |
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Term
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Definition
Binary between savagery and civilized man
(The civilized man were those were who were making the classificiations of course)
This was "scrapped" with more Anthropological study in the first half of the 20th century
The studies were based on ethnographies, a new concept developed |
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Term
| New Classification System |
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Definition
Bands, tribes, chiefdoms & states
Late 1950's and early 1960's
Social groups do not have to evolve from one classification to another, they are just a way of grouping complexity in society |
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Term
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Definition
Examples: Inuit (Arctic), Plains Indians (Sioux, Plains Creek, Blackfoot etc.), San Bushman
Often migratory
Self-contained within the family- the family produces all that is needed
Kin links are based on nuclear family and are central to band life
Acheived status
Egalitarian- a lot of social rituals creates the framework for society |
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Term
The remains or physical evidence of their (bands') day to day life is ______
examples |
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Definition
Minimal
Fire hearth, concentration of garbage |
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Term
Microbands
and
Macrobands |
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Definition
Composition and size based
Change with the seasons |
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Term
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Definition
Basic economic unuit --> nuclear family
With assumed gender roles
Exists in times of natural resource scarcity --> winter or dry season |
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Term
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Definition
Up to 30 microbands coming together (100-150 people)
Main opportunity to find a mate
Exists during summer or wet season (plentiful resources)
May include distantly related people
The footprint is larger: multiple fire hearts, larger scatters of garbage
Help to maximize resource acquisition: ex: bison hunting |
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Term
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Definition
| The cycling of microband to macroband and back to microband -- following the seasons |
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Term
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Definition
| How many people a given area can support |
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Term
| How do we measure carrying capacity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The area within a day's walk from a site (about 15 miles)
Catalogue all of the available land with site catchment to get at carrying capactiy
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Term
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Definition
| Marginalized, so ate everything they could |
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Term
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Definition
| Yanomami, Papau New Guine- Onyka, Mikea of Madagascar |
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Term
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Definition
Sedentary --> live in villages
Horticulture (controlling the placement of wild foods- ex: tapioca)
Class structure and centralized rule are absent--> egalitarian
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Term
| There is no sure way to enforce political decisions within tribes: |
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Definition
"Big Man" -- local village headman
He is a descent group leader but has no real power --> must convince others to do things-- form alliances
Acheived status
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Term
| If a tribe gets too big, or accumulates too many people, or there is too much internal conflict: |
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Definition
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Term
In tribes:
status _____ power |
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Definition
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Term
In tribes:
there are many differet statuses throughout life |
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Definition
1) Gender based status
-differing status within your gender
-girl / woman
2) kinship-- your lineage
-creates fictive status
-->blood brothers
compadre-madre |
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Term
| Status comes down to ______ |
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Definition
| how you are perceived in any given context |
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