Term
| Why must a patient with HEART FAILURE either not take or be careful when taking CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS? |
|
Definition
| Some calcium channel blockers reduce myocardial contractility -> will worsen heart failure |
|
|
Term
FIBROADENOMA
1) What is it?
2) Characteristics (6)
3) Most common at what age? |
|
Definition
1. Benign breast disease that occurs frequently and has distinct characterisitics
2. a) Solitary, non-tender mass
b) Solid, firm, rubbery & elastic feel
c) Round, oval or lobulated
d) 1 to 5 cm
e) Freely movable, slides easily through tissue
f) Grows quickly and constantly
3. 15-30 years but can occur up to 55 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heart rate greater than 100 bpm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heart rate less than 60 bpm |
|
|
Term
| What cardiac event happens during REPOLARIZATION? How is this shown on an ECG? |
|
Definition
Mechanical relaxation -> DIASTOLE
It is the T Wave segment of ECG |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac Events of DEPOLARIZATION? How are they shown on an ECG? |
|
Definition
Contraction -> SYSTOLE
On an ECG, the P wave is the ATRIAL depolarization and the QRS complex is the VENTRICULAR depolarization |
|
|
Term
| Why is a Regular Rate and Rhythm (of heart) so important to all body systems? |
|
Definition
| It ensures delivery of life - sustaining nutrients and OXYGEN! to all body organs and tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medical Term for Dry Mouth? What are possible causes? |
|
Definition
XEROSTOMIA
Can be caused by (or as) a side effect of many medications, dehydration and/or fever. |
|
|
Term
| The 3 structures of INTERNAL MALE GENITALIA |
|
Definition
1. Testes
2. Epididymis
3. Vas deferens |
|
|
Term
| The 2 structures of EXTERNAL MALE GENITALIA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do African Americans and Native Americans have lower incidence of SKIN CANCER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of UNILATERAL EDEMA vs. BILATERAL (OR GENERALIZED) EDEMA |
|
Definition
| Unilateral edema is caused by a local or peripheral cause vs. Bilateral which is caused by a CENTRAL problem such as HEART OR KIDNEY FAILURE |
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of the EPIDERMIS? What are their main components & functions of each? |
|
Definition
1) STRATUM GERMINATIUM or the Basal Cell Layer (deeper of the 2 layers). Main components are : PROTEIN KERATIN which forms new skin cells and MELANOCYTES which produce melanin (results in skin coloration)
2) STRATUM CORNEUM or Horny Cell Layer. Main component: DEAD KERATINIZED CELLS which form a protective barrier |
|
|
Term
| What is the ideal temperature for SPERM PRODUCTION? |
|
Definition
| 3 degrees Celsius below abdominal temperature |
|
|
Term
| The 2 main LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE AREAS? |
|
Definition
| AXILLARY & SUPRACLAVICULAR |
|
|
Term
| The lymphatic system drains into what 2 main ducts and what veins do they empty into? |
|
Definition
1) RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT - Right side of body, empties into the right subclavian vein
2) THORACIC DUCT - empties into the left subclavian vein |
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Term
| A capillary refill time of greater than 1-2 seconds signifies? |
|
Definition
| Signifies vasoconstriction or decreased cardiac output (Hypovolemia, shock, heart failure) |
|
|
Term
| Where to palpate the DORSALIS PEDIS pulse |
|
Definition
| Just lateral to and parallel with extensor tendon of the 1st phalanx (big toe) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the BRACHIAL artery surface? |
|
Definition
| ANTECUBITAL FOSSA in elbow medial to biceps tendon |
|
|
Term
| ENALAPRIL (VASOTEC) may produce ____-_____ phenomenom resulting in _______ which may cause ____________ |
|
Definition
| First dose phenomenon -> Profound Hypotension -> Syncope |
|
|
Term
| The Major Supply Artery of the Arm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence SEIZURES (aka Petit Mal) are seen most often in what age group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A significant contributing factor to CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE? |
|
Definition
| CHOLESTEROL in blood vessels leads to plaque build up and atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| The SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM is a division of the? |
|
Definition
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM |
|
|
Term
| A diabetic patient on this medicine ________ may require more insulin... Why? |
|
Definition
| PHENYTOIN (AKA DILANTIN) because it increases serum glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| Drugs used for TONIC-CLONIC seizures (3) |
|
Definition
1. Depakote
2. Valium
3. Dilantin |
|
|
Term
ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS:
1) Must not be used in patients with what condition?
2) They increase risk for? |
|
Definition
1) Glaucoma
2) Constipation |
|
|
Term
| Usual administration route for DILANTIN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why must one be careful when administering Dilantin IV? |
|
Definition
| Because it is a soft-tissue irritant and can cause local tissue damage if extr |
|
|
Term
| Why must one be careful when administering Dilantin IV? |
|
Definition
| Because it is a soft-tissue irritant and can cause local tissue damage if extravasation occurs |
|
|
Term
ZOSTERIFORM SHAPED LESIONS
1) Caused by/Due to?
2) Arranged how on body? |
|
Definition
1) Herpes zoster
2) Linear arrangement along a nerve route |
|
|
Term
| PRURITUS in patients with end stage renal disease is caused by? |
|
Definition
| The end-stage renal patient will have HIGH levels of calcium |
|
|
Term
| Women 20-39 years old should have a clinical breast exam performed how often? vs. Women over 40 (how often)? |
|
Definition
20-39: Every 3 years
vs.
40+: Annually with a MAMMOGRAM |
|
|
Term
| When a drug enters the bloodstream, where is it carried to first? |
|
Definition
| The most vascular organs: LIVER, KIDNEYS, & BRAIN |
|
|
Term
| The 4 steps or phases of a drugs movement through the body? |
|
Definition
1) Absorption
2) Distribution
3) Biotransformation
4) Excretion |
|
|
Term
| Function of TRYPSIN INHIBITOR? |
|
Definition
| In the pancreas, trypsin inhibitor prevents the activation of proteolytic enzymes while they are in the pancreas..KEEPS THE PANCREAS FROM DIGESTING ITSELF! |
|
|
Term
| What deficiency will alcoholics commonly have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ARCUS SENILIS
(Definition) |
|
Definition
Grey/white arc or circle around limbus, often seen around cornea...
Has no effect on vision |
|
|
Term
5 substances actively secreted by the
RENAL TUBULES |
|
Definition
1. POTASSIUM
2. Hydrogen
3. Tamm-Horsfall protein
4. Sodium
5. Chloride |
|
|
Term
| Which LAB will have increased values in patients with GRAVES DISEASE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does ANEMIA often accompany RENAL FAILURE? |
|
Definition
| The kidney's have reduced erythropoietin secretion and this results in reduced red cell production |
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to determine or measure RENAL FUNCTIONING? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS ALWAYS due to? |
|
Definition
| A respiratory problem with inadequeate excretion of CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary stimulant of ALDOSTERONE synthesis & secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient has had a stroke in the left side of the brain, which side of the body will be affected? |
|
Definition
| The patient's right side will be affected (with strokes it is the opposite side of the body) |
|
|
Term
| Causative (Septic) Agent of MENINGITIS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is the ZONA GLOMERULOSA?
What is it the main site of? |
|
Definition
1. It is on the outer layer of the ADRENAL CORTEX
2. Main site of ALDOSTERONE synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What happens in Phase 2 of BONE REMODELING? |
|
Definition
| Osteoclasts form a "CUTTING CONE" which resorbs bone, leaving an elongated cavity termed a RESORPTION CAVITY |
|
|
Term
FIBROUS JOINT
1. Define
2. What are the 3 types |
|
Definition
1. A joint in which bone is united directly to bone by fibrous connective tissue.
2. Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis |
|
|
Term
| The POSTERIOR PITUITARY secretes? |
|
Definition
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
&
OXYTOCIN |
|
|
Term
| As PLASMA OSMOLALITY increases the rate of ADH secretion __________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible causes of LARGE volume and SMALL volume SECRETORY DIARRHEA..umm yummy |
|
Definition
LARGE VOLUME - likely due to E. Coli or from Clostridium difficule from antibiotic therapy
SMALL VOLUME - Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and/or Fecal impaction |
|
|
Term
ZOFRAN
1. Class
2. Uses
3. Assessments to be made after administration |
|
Definition
1. Class: ANTIEMETIC
2. Uses: PREVENT NAUSEA & VOMITING
3. Assessment: MONITOR FLUID & ELECTROLYTE STATUS, MONITOR CARDIOVASCULAR STATUS |
|
|
Term
| How is CREATININE LEVEL affected by RENAL FAILURE? |
|
Definition
| The level will increase (even if urine output has not changed) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the target cell receptors located for most water soluble hormones? i.e. where do water soluble hormones attach |
|
Definition
| In the PLASMA MEMBRANE (they are too large too diffuse across) |
|
|
Term
7 Signs and Symptoms of
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS |
|
Definition
1. Hematuria
2. RBC casts
3. Proteinuria
4. Decreased GFR
5. Oliguria
6. HTN
7. Edema around eyes/feet/ankles |
|
|
Term
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
1. Commonly affects?
2. After what event? |
|
Definition
1. Commonly affects CHILDREN
2. After a STREP infection (spec. IMPETIGO of the skin or PHARYNGITIS of the throat) |
|
|
Term
| What lab is used to measure LONG-TERM GLUCOSE regulation of diabetic patients? |
|
Definition
HbA1c
(Glycosylated Hemoglobin) |
|
|
Term
| FLANK PAIN AND FEVER are signs of? |
|
Definition
| PYELONEPHRITIS - Infection of the renal pelvis & interstitum; usually caused by E. Coli, Proteus or Pseudomonas |
|
|
Term
What is the most common type of
RENAL STONE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lab provides a good index of RENAL FUNCTION? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RENAL COLIC is a sign of? |
|
Definition
| RENAL CALCULLUS (that is causing an obstruction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When there is loss or damage to Nephrons
|
|
|
Term
8 Signs and Symptoms of
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS |
|
Definition
1. Headache
2. Confusion
3. Drowsiness
4. Increased RESPIRATORY RATE AND DEPTH
5. Decreased B/P
6. Decreased Cardiac Output
7. Dysrhythmias
8. Shock |
|
|
Term
Most common cause of
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Average DAILY urine output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any changes in these 2 systems (mechanisms) can affect HOMEOSTASIS |
|
Definition
1. Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
2. Acid/Base Balance |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 prevalent diseases/conditions that affect homeostasis |
|
Definition
1. Heart Failure
2. Diabetes
3. Dehydration
4. Any disease caused by toxins in the blood |
|
|
Term
| 3 most common post-op respiratory complications |
|
Definition
1. Atelectasis
2. Pneumonia
3. Hypoxemia |
|
|
Term
| 12 basic POST-OP nursing interventions |
|
Definition
1. Administer VOLUME REPLACEMENT THERAPY if needed.
2. Take VITALS EVERY 15 MIN'S for the 1st hour post-op
3. TURN PT. to SIDE (if possible & not contraindicated, to promote drainage & prevent aspiration)
4. Administer ANTIEMETICS
5. TURN, COUGH, DEEP BREATHING every 2 hrs.
6. Encourage YAWNING (for lung expansion)
7. Use INCENTIVE SPIROMETER
8. RAISE HOB
9. EARLY AMBULATION
10. Preventative PAIN RELIEF
11. Monitor I & O
12. Medical NUTRITIONAL THERAPY |
|
|
Term
| Why are surgical catheters/drains removed A.S.A.P.? |
|
Definition
| To prevent/avoid infection |
|
|
Term
| Why are surgical catheters/drains removed A.S.A.P.? |
|
Definition
| To prevent/avoid infection |
|
|
Term
4 S & S of
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS |
|
Definition
1. Symptoms related to decreased CALCIUM (Hyperactive DTR's, Numbness & Seizures)
2. Respiratory DEPRESSION
3. TACHYCARDIA
4. Symptoms of HYPOKALEMIA (Fatigue, anorexia, N & V, Muscle weakness) |
|
|
Term
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS is ALWAYS due to?
How do you treat it? |
|
Definition
1. HYPERVENTILATION
2. Correct the cause of the hyperventilation ;) |
|
|
Term
| What percent of renal plasma flow to the glomerulus is filtered into Bowman capsules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kernig's & Brudzinski's are signs of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are destroyed by TYPE I DM? |
|
Definition
Beta cells
&
Islet cells of Langerhans |
|
|
Term
| 4 "cardinal" signs of DIABETES? |
|
Definition
1. Polydipsia
2. Polyuria
3. Polyphagia
4. Weight Loss |
|
|
Term
COSTAL CARTILAGE
1. Class?
2. Benefits of having this cartilage? |
|
Definition
1. HYALINE cartilaginous joint (type of synchondrosis joint)
2. Slight movement at the synchondroses between the ribs & sternum allows the chest to move outward & upward during breathing |
|
|
Term
| The cornea should appear? |
|
Definition
| Smooth & Clear with no opacities (cloudiness) |
|
|
Term
1. How do CORNEAL ABRASIONS appear?
2. Most often caused by?
3. What does the patient feel? |
|
Definition
1. Irregular ridges in reflected light, producing a shattered look to light rays
2. Most common result of blunt eye injury
3. Pt. feels intense pain, a foreign body sensation, lacrimation, photophobia & redness |
|
|
Term
SYNCRONDROSIS JOINT
1. Definition
2. Example? |
|
Definition
1. Type of CARTILAGINOUS JOINT in which HYALINE cartilage, rather than fibrocartilage connects two bones together.
2. Example: Joints between ribs & sternum (Costal Cartilage) |
|
|
Term
PHORIA
vs.
TROPIA
(Hint: eye ailments)
-How are they tested for? |
|
Definition
PHORIA - mild weakness noted only when binocular fusion is blocked
TROPIA - more severe; a constant malalignment of the eyes
*Tested with COVER TEST* |
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|
