Term
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Definition
random changes in allele frequency within a population caused by chance events
Key words = (random, allele frequency in pop., chance) |
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Term
| what does genetic drift result in? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is non adaptive evolution? |
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Definition
| traits spread in pop. --> does not increase fitness (key = traits spread, no increase fitness) |
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Term
| what does gamete sampling error tell us when we have a small sample of alleles |
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Definition
| frequencies can be different from prediction |
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Term
| what is Asub 1 and Asub 2? |
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Definition
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Term
| what size population is drift strongest in? |
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Definition
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Term
| what would happen if we formed one zygote at a time from a gamete pool to form a small pop.? |
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Definition
| zygote allele frequencies will not equal gamete allele frequencies |
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Term
| what happens regarding allele frequencies when pop. increases towards infinity? |
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Definition
| zygot and gamete allele frequencies will stabilize (flat line on graph) |
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Term
| what is the founder effect? |
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Definition
| small number of individuals who start a new pop. (key=small, pop) |
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Term
| how are allele frequencies different in founders effect? |
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Definition
| be different from source pop. |
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Term
| what animal did we discuss when learning about founders effect |
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Definition
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Term
| what happened with the silver eyes? (founders effect) |
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Definition
| allelic diversity decreased with each new founding pop. and evolution occured because of founders effect, not selection |
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Term
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Definition
| drastic reduction in pop; founder event in which pop. crash occurs and surviving individuals are founders of new pop. |
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Term
| what animal when discussed bottleneck? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happened to cheetahs regarding bottleneck? |
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Definition
| happened 10,000 years ago, due to inbreeding ->low genetic variability, low sperm counts and other deformities |
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Term
| what people underwent bottleneck? |
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Definition
| ping. people of caroline islands |
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Term
| what happened to the ping people? |
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Definition
| pop. founded from 20 people (after typhoon). one person carried recessive allele for color blindness. |
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Term
| because of drift, what happened to ping people regarding color blindness? |
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Definition
| initial allele frequency of 0.025. now greater than .2 (most pop. is <0.007) |
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Term
| how does pop. size effect random allele fixation? (all pop. with Asub1 of .5) |
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Definition
| bigger pop. = longer time before become fixed |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common measure of genetic variation. range is [0,1] |
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Term
| what is useful for diploid species? |
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Definition
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Term
| is heterozygosity sensitive to additional variation? |
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Definition
| no --> upper limit is 1 for any number of alleles |
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Term
| what is expected HW heterozygosity? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does drift effect heterozygosity? |
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Definition
| as allele reaches fixation (loss) heterozygosity should decrease. on graph - line going down (sharper slope with smaller pop.) |
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Term
| what animal did we discuss regarding drift and heterozygosity |
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Definition
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Term
| what happened to fruit flies from each generation regarding graph pic and heterozygosity |
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Definition
| starts off in middle then goes to opp. sides by end |
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Term
| what animal did we discuss regarding drift in natural pop. |
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Definition
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Term
| what happened to collard lizard? |
|
Definition
| expanded range in ozarks, climate and habitat changed -> small isolated pop. of lizards. some pops. fixed for certain alleles |
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Term
| genetic drift is sensitive to |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what does drift result in? |
|
Definition
| random fixation of alleles and loss of heterozygosity |
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Term
| how is mutation or migration drift different from selection |
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Definition
| they never maintain allelic diversity -> always decreases it |
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Term
| When is drift likely to be the strongest evolutionary force? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Can drift result in adaptive evolution? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If there are 2 alleles in a population that occur at different frequencies is it possible to predict which allele is more likely to go to fixation by drift (based on their relative frequencies)? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do reeve and sherman define adaptation? |
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Definition
| phenotypic variant results in highest fitness among specified set of variants in given environment |
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Term
| how do harvey and pagel define adaptation? |
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Definition
| must be derived chaacter that evolved in response to specific selective agent. requires historical inference and need to compare to ancestral condition |
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Term
| how does futuyuma define adaptation? |
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Definition
| if feature has become prevalent or is maintained in a group because of natural selection for that function |
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Term
| how does professor define adaptation? |
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Definition
| increase fitness - derived character state |
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Term
| how did darwin test hypothesis of adaptation regarding giraffes? |
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Definition
| said body is conducive to feeding from high branches |
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Term
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Definition
| trait that fortuitously serves a new function |
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Term
| how do you test hypothesis |
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Definition
| use control group. use randomization to control for bias. repeat experiments |
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Term
| what are non adaptive traits? |
|
Definition
| necessary consequence of physics and chemistry. evolved by random genetic drift |
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Term
| what are correleated traits? |
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Definition
| pleiotropy and genetic linkage |
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Term
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Definition
| single gene affects multiple phenotypic characters |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by closely adjacent genes |
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Term
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Definition
| comparison of sets of species to test hypothesis of adaptation |
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Term
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Definition
| support, not fact. ex: relationship between global warming and pirates |
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Term
| what do freeman and hall say about the begonia flower |
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Definition
| females resemble males in color, flower and size -> presumably adaptive |
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Term
| what did karl popper say about scientific method |
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Definition
| problems - theories - criticisms |
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Term
| two types of nonrandom mating |
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Definition
| assortative and dissortative mating |
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Term
| two types of nonrandom mating |
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Definition
| assortative and dissortative mating |
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Term
|
Definition
| similar individuals more likely to mate than expected by chance |
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Term
| type of assortative mating |
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Definition
| inbreeding and phenotypic assortative mating |
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Term
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Definition
| mating between genetic relatives; selfing, sib mating etc |
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Term
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Definition
| dissimilar individualsare more likely to mate than expected by chance |
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Term
| phenotypic assortative mating |
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Definition
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Term
| two types of dissortative mating |
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Definition
| outbreeding and phenotypic dissortative mating |
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Term
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Definition
| avoid mating with genetic relatives |
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Term
| phentoypic dissortative mating |
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Definition
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Term
| assortative mating involves |
|
Definition
| pop. subdivision, inbreeding and selfing |
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Term
|
Definition
| certain genotypes are physically isolated, isolated pops. may be small |
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Term
| inbreeding is a special case of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| common in plants, rare in animals |
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Term
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Definition
| changes genetoypic frequency, allele frequencies do not change, loss of heterozygosity |
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Term
| how does inbreeding effect changes in genotype frequencies |
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Definition
| pop. not in hardy - weinberg equilibrium, genotype frequencies does not = p^2, 2pq, q^2 |
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Term
| since allele frequencies do not change in inbreeding, is this a mechanism of evolution |
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Definition
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Term
| what animal regarding inbreedings |
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Definition
| sea otters. fewer heterozygotes than expected after hw |
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Term
| because of large decline in cali sea otters |
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Definition
| reduction in heterozygosity |
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Term
| how does selfing change genotypic frequencies? |
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Definition
| offspring in a 1:2:1 ratio |
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Term
| what animal represents extreme inbreeding |
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Definition
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Term
| selfing results in loss of |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| two alleles are identical because both were inherited from a single copy of that allele in a common ancestor |
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Term
| who demenstrated royal inbreeding |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the inbreeding coefficiant |
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Definition
| F - the probability that an individual taken at random from a population will have alleles that are identical by descent |
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Term
| over time, continued inbreeding reduces |
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Definition
| heterozygosity and increases F |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| how do you calculate f in real pop |
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Definition
| H=2pq(1-F); h = heterozygosity; 2pq = expected frequency of heterozygotes under H-W equilibrium (assume there is random mating) |
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Term
|
Definition
| heterozygosity in an inbred population compared with a randomly mating population |
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Term
| if F is large (close to 1) |
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Definition
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Term
| what are effects of inbreeding on genotype frequencies (not same as allele frequency) |
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Definition
| reduction of heterozygotes - increase in homozygotes over time; extent of inbreeding depends on extent of genetic relatedness (selfin>sibling mating>cousin mating) |
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Term
| inbreeding common in blank pop |
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Definition
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Term
| does inbreeding alone affect allele frequencies |
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Definition
| no - but can affect outcome of selection (which does change allele frequencies) |
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Term
| if homozygotes have different fitness from heterozygotes then |
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Definition
| selection can alter allele frequencies |
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Term
| Recessive deleterious alleles (normally hidden in heterozygous state) can |
|
Definition
| come together in homozygous inbred offspring |
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Term
|
Definition
| hanged genotypic frequencies |
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Term
| selection is the force causing |
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Definition
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|
Term
| inbreeding creates the conditions under which |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| ratio of fitness between inbred and outbred individuals; caused by expression of recessive deleterious alleles |
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Term
| inbreeding depression equation |
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Definition
| δ= 1 -Wi/ Wo; Wi= relative fitness of inbred individuals; Wo= relative fitness of outbred individuals; δis always between 0 and 1 |
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Term
|
Definition
| high inbreeding depression |
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Term
| inbreeding depression may depend on |
|
Definition
| environmental stress, stage in life cycle, degree of inbreeding, initial frequencies of deleterious alleles in family or population, lineages |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| effects may not show up until late in life |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| initial frquencies of deleterious alleles in family or pop. |
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Definition
| long term selfing pop. have less inbreeding depression cuz selection has already purged deleterious alleles. over time, purging (via selection) reduces inbreeding depression |
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Term
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Definition
| some suffer greater inbreeding depression than others |
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Term
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Definition
| outbreeding or dissortative mating -> mate choice, genetically controlled self - incompatablilty, dispersal |
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Term
| how is small pop and inbreeding a conservation concern? |
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Definition
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Term
| if assortative mating based off of genotypic similarity |
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Definition
| lead to increase in homozygosity |
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Term
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Definition
| assortative mating; likes attract |
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Term
| what animal when talking about assortative mating |
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Definition
| gouldian finches (yellow, red and black) |
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Term
| if dissortative mating is based on genotypic similarity, |
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Definition
| lead to increasei n heterozygotes |
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Term
| anti axe study background |
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Definition
| Major HistocompatabilityComplex (MHC), diverse region of genome, important for immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| MHC related to odor -> women chose shirts with odors from men. chose different if oestrous, same if cycling or birth control |
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Term
| how does nonrandom mating affect genotypic frequencies |
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Definition
| assortative mating = loss of heterozygotes; dissasortative mating = may increase heterozygotes |
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Term
| does non random mating change allele frequencies? |
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Definition
| no, but does change genotypic frequencies |
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Term
| is nonrandom mating on its own a mechanism for evolution |
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Definition
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Term
| What does high or low F mean in terms of genotype frequencies homozygotes/heterozygotes) in a population? |
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Definition
| high F - heterozygosity is low |
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Term
| How does F changes with continued inbreeding in a population? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the genetic explanation for inbreeding depression? |
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Definition
| caused by expression of recessive deleterious alleles |
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Term
| What factors can effect the degree of inbreeding depression? |
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Definition
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Term
| the most extreme form of inbreeding in plants requires |
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Definition
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Term
| How can organisms avoid inbreeding (and hence inbreeding depression)? |
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Definition
| Mate choice, Genetically controlled self-incompatibility, Dispersal |
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Term
| What is required for phenotypic assortative mating to change genotype frequencies? |
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Definition
| "like" individuals, increase in homozygotes |
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Term
| Alleles within an individual may be identical by |
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Definition
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Term
| loss of heterozygosity still occurs in inbreeding, just |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| how an organism partitions resources to growth, self - mainateneance, repair and reproduction. different organisms use different strategies |
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Term
| With limited time and energy how do individuals maximize reproduction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Investment in one aspect of reproduction takes away from another |
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Term
| what animal when discussing reproductive tradeoffs |
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Definition
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Term
| tradoeffs in sand crickets |
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Definition
| long winged -> resources allocated to flight, delayed ovary development. short -> limited to fly, rapid ovary development |
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Term
|
Definition
| late life decline in fertility and probability to survive |
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Term
| evolutionary theory of ageing - failure to repair damage caused by |
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Definition
| mutation accumulation hypothesis, antagonistic pleiotroy hypothesis |
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Term
| mutation accumulation hypothesis |
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Definition
| accumulation of deleterious mutations |
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Term
| Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis: |
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Definition
| tradeoffs between repair and reproduction |
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Term
| natural selection is weak late in life so alleles causing senescance are |
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Definition
| Mildly deleterious-may persist in mutation-selection balance or Effectively neutral-may rise to high frequency by genetic drift |
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Term
| mutation accumulation means inbreeding depression |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a muitation that increases early reproduction also causes |
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Definition
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Term
| If this is a beneficial allele, may rise to high frequency by selection; benefits of early reproduction must |
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Definition
| outweigh costs of early death |
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Term
|
Definition
| More offspring in a clutch leads to reduced survival for each offspring (tradeoff) and Selection should favor an intermediate optimal clutch size |
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Term
| why do birds produce smaller than optimal clutches |
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Definition
| tradeoff between curerent and future reproduction: to allow for bigger clutch next year |
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Term
| who researched life history in humans |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in the number of offspring reduced |
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Definition
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Term
| children of larger families had lower |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| maximize optimal life histories |
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Term
|
Definition
| Not enough time or genetic variation to evolve toward a new optimum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Size versus number of offspring; Number of offspring versus parental survivorship; What is best for mother, father and offspring may differ |
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Term
| What is the evolutionary theory of aging? |
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Definition
| failure to repair damage caused by mutation accumulation and antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis' |
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Term
|
Definition
| phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species |
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Term
|
Definition
| difference in mating success among individuals of the same sex,in the same species, with different phenotypes |
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Term
Sexual selection to be stronger in
males than in females |
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Definition
| males = competitive, females = choosy |
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Term
|
Definition
| combat, sperm competition, infanticide |
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Term
|
Definition
| gaining resources or good mates, selecting good alleles |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
male mating displays
indicative of |
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Definition
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|
Term
| SEXY-SON HYPOTHESIS (“RUNAWAY SEXUAL SELECTION”) |
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Definition
| females will mate with males that are attractive to other females |
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Term
| copulation not = insemination |
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Definition
| takes male’s gift and leaves before he completes insemination |
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Term
| insemination not = fertilization |
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Definition
| mate with additional males |
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Term
| fertilization not = reproduction |
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Definition
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|
Term
| shared desires for a mate |
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Definition
| want recipricol ally, want mate who will commit, good parenting skills, good alleles |
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Term
|
Definition
| any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring’s chances of surviving (and hence reproducing) at the cost of the parent’s ability to invest in other offspring. |
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Term
| sex that invests more will |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the sex that invests less will |
|
Definition
| compete more vigorously for high quality mates |
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Term
| problem of partner number |
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Definition
| men will want more mates than women, have relaxed standards for short term mates, minimal time constraints in knowing a potential mate before wanting sex |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction between 2 or more individuals of the same species; behaviors must be affected by conspecifics |
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Term
|
Definition
| study of evolutionary basis for social behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| reduced predation, improved foraging, resource defense, communal offspring care, protection from elements, energy conservation |
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Term
|
Definition
| vigilance, enemy repulsion, dilution |
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Term
|
Definition
| individuals in large groups less likely to be attacked by predators |
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Term
| Individual reproductive success increases in |
|
Definition
| larger coalitions of male lions |
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Term
|
Definition
| bats cluster to keep warm |
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Term
|
Definition
| conspicous to predators, risk of infection, risk to offspring, risk of exploitation, competition for resources, |
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Term
|
Definition
| benefits must outweigh costs |
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Term
| types of social interactions |
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Definition
| cooperation, selfishness, altruism, spite (not seen) |
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Term
|
Definition
| special difficulty, which at first appeared to me insuperable, and actually fatal to my whole theory.” |
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Term
|
Definition
| when an organism increases the fitness of another individual at the expense of its own fitness |
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Term
| altruistic behavior should not be |
|
Definition
| favored by natural selection (selection should favor the individual over the group) |
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Term
|
Definition
| based on an individual’s own reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| based on the reproduction of relatives |
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|
Term
| Inclusive (total) fitness: |
|
Definition
| Direct + Indirect fitness |
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Term
|
Definition
| selection favoring alleles that increase indirect fitness |
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Term
| kin selection is not altruism because |
|
Definition
| it acts to increase indirect fitness |
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Term
|
Definition
| An altruistic allele can spread by kin selection if:br –C> 0 |
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Term
| b= fitness benefit to recipient |
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Definition
| Number of additional offspring recipient produces with help |
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Term
| r= relatedness of individuals |
|
Definition
| Siblings, cousins, parents, niece/nephew |
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Term
|
Definition
| Number of offspring actor does not produce (gives up because of helping) |
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Term
|
Definition
| siblings = 1/2, half siblings = 1/4, cousins = 1/8 |
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Term
| to satisfy hamiltons rule |
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Definition
| must be greater than zero |
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Term
| Probability of helping is a function of relatedness between helpers and nestlings |
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Definition
| The larger ris, the more likely helpers will forgo reproducing themselves and help raise the nestlings |
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Term
| Eusocial organisms display the most extreme form of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| eusociality typically defined by |
|
Definition
| Overlap of generations; Cooperative brood care; Specialized castes of non-reproductive individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Males originate from unfertilized eggs (n; haploid); Females originate from fertilized eggs (2n; diploid) |
|
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Term
| in haploidiploidy, females more realted |
|
Definition
| to sisters than to offspring; share 25% of genome with brother |
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Term
| So, a high coefficient of relatedness (r) doesn’t always lead to |
|
Definition
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Term
| Ecological conditions affecting costs and benefits are likely drivers for |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Most inbred and asexual species are not |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Ecological and behavioral factors determine |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Potential factors favoring eusociality: |
|
Definition
Nesting behavior, extended parental care
Limited breeding opportunities and costly dispersal
Benefits of group defense against predators |
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Term
|
Definition
| Individuals in a society may help non-related individuals (r= 0); an exchange of fitness benefits between 2 individuals separated by time |
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Term
| conditions for reciprical altruism |
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Definition
Cost to actor must be smaller than benefit to recipient
Cheaters must be recognizable and punished |
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Term
| Four behaviors are possible with respect to fitness: |
|
Definition
| cooperation, altruism, selfishness and spite |
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Term
| Hamilton’s equation for the spread of altruism suggests that relatedness and benefits to the recipient must |
|
Definition
| outweigh the costs to the actor |
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Term
| Reciprocal altruism can only evolve when the cost to the actor is small, but |
|
Definition
| the altruistic act to the receiver is great |
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Term
| Evolutionary processes have implications for: |
|
Definition
Susceptibility to disease
Ability to respond to environmental change
Decreased reproduction
Mutational meltdown |
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|
Term
Which processes are particularly important
in these populations and have implications
for conservation efforts? |
|
Definition
Genetic drift
Selection
Inbreeding depression
Mutation |
|
|
Term
Genetic drift:
reduced genetic
variation |
|
Definition
Susceptibility to disease
Decreased potential to evolve
in response to future
environmental changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Genetic drift +
Inbreeding
depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Genetic drift +
Inbreeding
depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genetic drift evolutionary consequences |
|
Definition
Loss of alleles—leads to reduced heterozygosity
Long term reduction in genetic variability |
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|
Term
| Inbreeding depression evolutionary consequences |
|
Definition
Inbreeding—increased homozygosity—inbreeding
depression
Short term decrease in fitness |
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|
Term
Recall that the loss of genetic variation
depends upon population size |
|
Definition
Smallest population size matters
Length of time at when the population size is the
smallest also matters |
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Term
|
Definition
Loss of alleles
Loss of heterozygosity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Typically of immediate concern
May extend to the next 100 years |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Typically of long term consequence
10-100s of generations |
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|
Term
Population decline can decrease heterozygosity
(Mauritius kestrel)— |
|
Definition
but depends on size, length of
the bottleneck and it may not be common |
|
|
Term
Loss of heterozygosity may affect disease response
(harbor seal)… |
|
Definition
| but not always (elephant seal) |
|
|
Term
Loss of heterozygosity can affect long term ability to
respond to |
|
Definition
| environmental changes (Drosophila) |
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|
