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assuming everyone sees the world in the same way |
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believing your culture is the best. the judgement of your society off of your own. |
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5 sub groups of anthropology
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-cultural
-linguistic
-physical (bio)
-archaeology
-applied |
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research methods of sociology |
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Definition
Quantitative methods
-surveys
-use of census data
-population sampling
-replicability
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Term
research methods of anthropology |
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Definition
Qualitative
-validity
-Holism- whole is the greater sum of its parts
-long term field work
-emersion
-learning the language
-observation
-interview
formal vs. informal |
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Definition
in order to understand a culture to need to first investigate its past. to find the context
eric wolf
- potlach
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Term
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Definition
your perception of the world is not universal, people understand the world differently.
i.e. winking, hand gestures |
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political/ moral implications |
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position that nearly every culture can accept
such as the immorality of genital cutting, genocide, etc. setting aside ethnocentrism and recognizing the immorality |
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perspective of local point of view |
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outside observers point of view
Marvin Harris |
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every aspect of culture is adaptive, has a purpose. Malinowski was the first to introduce this theory founded the idea of field worlk |
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Term
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Definition
things at one time having a function then becoming maladaptive cultural practice.
i.e. technology like the Querdy type write |
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Definition
conservative linguistic theory: language is similar throughout cultures, chompsky proposes an evolutionary perspective and babies have a language center in their brain |
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Definition
language shapes our understanding of the world
i.e gender neutral language movement if the language is changed people will begin to believe in equality |
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Definition
capitalism will eventually lead to a communist revolution and a communist state will emerge |
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through the study of deaf families that culture also shapes language
studied families with deaf children who used international sign language then families with deaf children who used American sign language. found differences between the two |
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Term
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Definition
reducing complexity of social life to their basic groups
critiques--
-tautology
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Term
unilinear cultural evolution |
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Definition
idea that cultures are always developing on a single line. a society like London being the final step |
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Definition
idea that societies develop in different directions or is determined in a more sophisticated way |
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Term
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Definition
1. intensification- more energy being put into one unit of land
2. specialization- life expectancies
3. centralization of population
4. stratification of wealth- wealth going to smaller and smaller percentages of the populations |
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Term
Marvin Harris' sacred cow |
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Definition
functionalist explanation
* mostly agriculturalist society cows shit everywhere for fertilization therefore they are scared and no one eats them |
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Definition
what you do for a living and how you fulfill basic needs within the environment |
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low intensity hunting and gathering.
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"Professional Primitives" |
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Definition
hunters and gatherers had a relationship with agriculture's in India, had been the same group hundreds of years ago, left to very their diet, brought meat, honey and source crops and trade for rice.
interdependent relationship |
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Term
characteristics of foragers |
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Definition
best health
always moving- standing water, leave sickness behind
most leisure time
basic- don't manipulate the environment |
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Term
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Definition
"gardening rather than farming"
-property (lineages)
-swidden (slash and burn) |
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Term
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Definition
highly specific strategy
using animals to process resources
-horses, camels, goats, cows, reindeer
very aggressive societies |
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Term
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Definition
pastoralist who lived off the land and drank the blood and milk from their horses
very aggressive people |
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Term
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Definition
move to elevation to avoid dry period or weather when it is necessary |
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intensive form of the spectrum-
monoculture, animal labor, shorter fallow periods, old fashion fertilizer, irrigation
highest birth rates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
enforcement of norms, social services, group decision making, "protection" |
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Term
| three levels of government |
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Definition
bands
tribes
chiefdoms
states |
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Term
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Definition
hunter-gatherers, no form of leadership. often time only the nuclear family but can include up to 30 or 100 people
-low crime rates and conflict, mobility |
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Term
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Definition
semi-seditary. organized and unilinear descent groups. horticultural and pastoalism.
first time humans form large groups organization |
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Term
centralized and uncentralized |
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Definition
becomes more complex with each subsistence strategy |
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Term
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Definition
found among tribes social institutions which are aimed to bond across generations.
-cross-cousin marriage, counsel of elder, age-grades |
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Term
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Definition
redistribution of wealth through programs like railroads, social structures
-beginning of specialization, and stratification of wealth
1.e. european monarchy pre-renaissance |
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Term
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Definition
power passed down through lineage and inherited authority.
would throw parties and would do a lot of work to sustain power |
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Definition
high law enforcement, specialization and stratification of wealth |
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Definition
way for people to track their familial relationships |
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Definition
| greater amounts of warfare, pastoralism, intensive agriculture |
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Definition
lower warfare, population density, horticulture |
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“A relationship established between a woman and one or more persons, which assures that her child will be accorded full birth rights, provided that the child is conceived and born under certain approved circumstances.”
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Term
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Definition
grooms family pays brides family in order to secure a marriage |
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Definition
this is where divorce begins to taboo |
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Term
Nuer female female marriage in N. Africa |
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Definition
when a woman who is a widow or can't bear children takes on a younger woman to be her wife. is a male in the economic sense not in the gender role. not a lesbian relationship strictly lineage |
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general term of plural marriage |
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Definition
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men can't support multiple wives, brothers might marry a woman then transhumant migration |
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“A social process that helps to order society and provide its members with meaning, unity, peace of mind, and the degree of control over events they believe is possible”
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Term
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Definition
-explaining natural phenomena
-community building
-trade relationships
-provides moral standards
-threat of punishment
-god is watching |
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Definition
twentieth century religion a branch of christianity
instilling values of embracing blackness, rejections of capitalist market ideals, cooperation, respective life, unity of african peoples, and repatriation
reject capitalism and impose authority |
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Definition
| rituals, magic, prayer, sacred narratives |
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Definition
anti-structural i.e. mardi gras, Halloween |
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Definition
race is a cultural construction first introduced by the English against the Irish.
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Term
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Definition
using constructs to have a mechanical effects on the world |
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Definition
race is a cultural construction |
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Definition
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Sapir Whorf hypothesis examples |
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Definition
nuer, inuit and their many words for snow |
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Term
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Definition
Universal perception of color
black, white, red are the three most common colors in culture |
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Term
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Definition
men are more accertive and are more likely to take control of what is not theirs
woman are more complimentary, only way to break is to take on males patterns |
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Term
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Definition
if you are a fish you are unaware that you are are under water. cultural things that we might not necessarily be familiar with |
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Definition
something we are familiar with
i.e. americans watch baseball and are fat |
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Definition
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Definition
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first constructed by English against the Irish. when persecuting other's it sits better if one focuses on the differences of the two populations rather than the similarities |
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genetic variation among ethnic groups |
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Definition
sickle cell anemia- prevents them from getting malaria
skin type- !kung have very light skin tones
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Term
Samburu/ Masai case study |
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Definition
woman born to Masai and adopted and later accepted into the Samburu tribe. Once the Samburu begin to find hardships they immediately remember her background and the village disowns her and blames the drought |
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Definition
typos; no biological assumption rather a descriptive variable |
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Term
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Definition
-one drop of minority blood puts you into the minority group
-a way to establish a dominant racial group by preserving the social power of the majority ethnic group |
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Definition
sex is biological where gender is a social construct |
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Term
three theories of women's lower status |
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Definition
strength
childcare
male expendability |
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Term
strength- critique of woman's lower status |
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Definition
in today's society strength doesn't mean power. also woman have a higher pain tolerance and endurance than men |
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childcare-critique of woman's lower status |
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Definition
women have to tend to babies.
there are other childcare options like grand parents |
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male expendability-critique of woman's lower status |
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Definition
men aren't needed for reproduction woman make them do high risk activities like warfare and hunting for what they they think is a higher status |
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Term
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Definition
masculinity acted out by homosexuality. body doesn't produce semen, in order to have semen for childbirth must consume it. |
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Term
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Definition
social labor- working in public matter they don't get status for working at home
control over the burden of reproduction- woman can control men when they do or don't have babies
ownership- woman are allowed to own land and property they have higher cases of wealth |
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