Term
| describe the venous flow from kidney |
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Definition
| peritubular capillaries > interlobular veins > arcuate veins > interlobar veins > segmental veins > renal vein > IVC |
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Term
| describe the arterial flow to kidney |
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Definition
| aorta > renal artery > main renal arteries > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > interlobular arteries > afferent arterioles > glomerulus > efferent arterioles > peritubular capillaries |
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Term
| 3 laboratory values related to renal function |
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Definition
1)BUN (blood urea nitrogen) - 26mg/dl
2)Cr (creatinine) - 1.1mg/dl
3)specific gravity - 1.101-1.025 |
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Term
| How long does it take for urine to reach the bladder? |
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Definition
| seconds-minutes, depending on hydration |
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Term
| Ureters transport urine to the bladder through_________ action. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the three constrictions of the ureters? |
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Definition
1)renal pelvis
2)pelvic brim
3)bladder |
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Term
| 3 things the kidneys do in periods of anoxia |
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Definition
1)produce erythropoietin
2)reduce renal capillary bed resistance
3)move blood from the outer cortex to inner cortex |
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Term
| 3 hormones that affect blood volume |
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Definition
1)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2)aldosterone
3)renin |
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Term
| describe the flow of blood into the nephron through excretion as urine |
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Definition
| afferent arteriole > glomerulus > Bowman's capsule > proximal convoluted tubule > descending loop of Henle > ascending loop of Henle > distal convoluted tubule > collecting duct > medullary pyramid > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter > urinary bladder > urethra |
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Term
| Tubular secretion of these substance of these substances occurs in the distal convoluted tubule by active transport. |
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Definition
| ammonia, drugs, potassium, hydrogen |
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Term
| The __________ system helps the kidneys maintain homeostasis. |
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Definition
| countercurrent multiplier system |
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Term
| Through osmotic pressure, the _________ trap salt and urea in the medulla and move water back into the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is reabsorbed before becoming urine? |
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Definition
| water, glucose, vitamins, amino acids, bicarbonate ions, and chloride salts |
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Term
| Where does tubular reabsorption occur? Through what mechanism? |
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Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule (most), distal convoluted tubule, and the loops of Henle; active transport |
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Term
| How much ultrafiltrate is produced in one minute? |
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Definition
| 115ml (females), 125ml (males) |
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Term
| components of ultrafiltrate |
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Definition
| water, salts, glucose, urea, and amino acids |
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Term
| What is included in the renal tubule? |
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Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule, loops of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct |
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Term
| What is included in the renal corpuscle? |
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Definition
| glomerulus and Bowman's capsule |
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Term
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Definition
1)renal corpuscle
2)renal tubule |
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Term
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Definition
1)renal corpuscle
2)renal tubule |
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Term
What are the two types of nephrons?
Which has longer loops of Henle? |
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Definition
1)juxtaglomerular nephron
2)cortical nephron
juxtaglomerular nephrons have longer loops |
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Term
| 3 functions of the urinary system |
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Definition
1)detoxification
2)regulation of blood pressure
3)maintenance of balance of pH, minerals, iron, and salt levels (homeostasis) |
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Term
| Urine is ____% water and ____% nitrogenous waste and inorganic salts. |
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Definition
| 95% water, 5% wastes and salts |
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Term
| How much urine is produced in a day? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much blood is filtered in a day? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does it take for the entire blood volume to be filtered? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary excretory organ of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood is supplied to the adrenal glands by the _______ arteries, and drained by the ________ veins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the adrenal medulla secrete more epinephrine or norepinephrine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is produced in the zona fasciculata? |
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Definition
| glucocorticoids (cortisol) |
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Term
| What is produced in the zona glomerulosa? |
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Definition
| mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) |
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Term
| What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex from outer to inner? |
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Definition
1)zona glomerulosa
2)zona fasciculata
3)zona reticularis |
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Term
| Adrenal glands are enclosed with the kidney by _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenal glands are located at the _____ and _______ borders of the kidneys. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 parts of the male urethra |
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Definition
1)prostatic urethra
2)membranous urethra
3)penile urethra |
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Term
| 4 layers of the urinary bladder |
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Definition
1)inner musoca
2)submucosa
3)muscularis (detrusor muscle)
4)outer serosa (extension of the pelvic peritoneum) |
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Term
| Ureters enter the bladder _________ at the _________ area. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 layers of the ureter? |
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Definition
1)inner mucosa
2)medial layer of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle
3)outer fibrous layer |
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Term
| What comprises a renal lobe? |
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Definition
| a single medullary pyramid, bordered by interlobar arteries and veins, with cortical tissue at its base |
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Term
| What is located in the renal hilum? |
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Definition
| renal artery and vein, fatty fibrous tissue, nerves, and lymphatics |
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Term
How many minor calyces are in each renal sinus?
How many major calyces? |
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Definition
| one for each medullary pyramid;2-3 |
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Term
| Where are the loops of Henle located? |
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Definition
| inside the medullary pyramids |
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Term
| How many medullary pyramids does the medulla contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structures does the cortex contain? |
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Definition
| renal corpuscle, and proximal & distal convoluted tubules |
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Term
| Renal parenchyma is broken into which two parts? |
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Definition
1)renal cortex
2)renal medulla |
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Term
| Kidneys are divided into what two distinct areas? |
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Definition
1)renal parenchyma
2)renal sinus |
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Term
| Where is the pararenal fat especially thick? |
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Definition
| posterior to Gerota's fascia |
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Term
| Which layer holds the kidney in place and limits infection arising from the kidney? |
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Definition
| renal/perirenal/perinephric/Gerota's fascia |
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Term
| 4 layers surrounding the kidney from inner to outer |
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Definition
1)renal/true/fibrous capsule
2)perirenal fat/perinephric fat/adipose capsule/packing fat of Zuckerkandl
3)renal/perirenal/perinephric/Gerota's fascia
4)pararenal fat/pararenal body |
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Term
What is the length of the male urethra?
Female urethra? |
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Definition
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Term
| The urinary bladder wall is _______ thick. |
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Definition
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Term
| typical ureter measurements |
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Definition
25-30cm long
4-7mm diameter |
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Term
| typical measurements of the neonate kidney |
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Definition
3.3-5cm long
1.5-2.5cm deep
2-3cm diameter |
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Term
| typical measurements of the adult kidney |
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Definition
9-12cm long
2.5-4cm deep
4-6cm diameter |
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Term
| The bladder is ________ to the symphysis pubis. |
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Definition
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Term
| The pelvic portion of the ureters are ____ to the ductus deferens (males) or uterine artery (females). |
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Definition
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Term
| The abdominal portion of the ureters are ______ to the psoas muscle and the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries. |
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Definition
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Term
| The left ureter is ________ to the colon, and left colic & gonadal vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| The right ureter is ________ to the duodenum, terminal ileum, and right colic, ileocolic, and gonadal vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| The right kidney is _________ & _________ to the right lobe of the liver. |
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Definition
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Term
| The left kidney is ______ to the tail of the pancreas, and _______ to the spleen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Both kidneys are _____ to the diaphragm, psoas and quadratus lumborum muscles. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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