Term
The standard moral argument is a mixture of...
Statements and queries
Moral and nonmoral statements
Deductive and inductive premises
Questions and answers |
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Definition
Chapter 13
Moral and nonmoral statements |
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Term
The best approach to identifying implicit premises is to treat moral arguments as...
Inductive
Deductive
Nonmoral statements
Theories |
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Definition
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Term
We can evaluate a moral premise by...
Trying to think of counterexamples to it
Referring to the nonmoral premise
Evaluating the conclusion
Rewording the nonmoral premise |
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Definition
Chapter 13
Trying to think of counterexamples to it |
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Term
A moral theory tries to explain...
A moral agent's motivations
What society defines as acceptable
What people believe
What makes an action right or what makes a person good |
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Definition
Chapter 13
What makes an action right or what makes a person good |
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Term
Considered moral judgments are...
Those moral judgments that are endorsed by conscience
Those moral judgments that the majority of people accept
Those moral judgments that we accept after we reason about them carefully
Those moral judgments that we accept because of our upbringing |
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Definition
Chapter 13
Those moral judgments that we accept after we reason about them carefully |
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Term
In moral arguments, a moral conclusion cannot be established without…
A deductively valid argument form
A moral premise
Strong inductive evidence
An implicit premise |
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Definition
Chapter 13
A moral premise |
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Term
Subjective relativism implies that each person is...
Morally responsible
Conscientious
Tolerant
Morally infallible |
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Definition
Chapter 13
Morally infallible |
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Term
Social relativism implies that it is impossible to disagree with one's culture and be...
Wrong
Right
Fallible
Understood |
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Definition
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Term
According to Kantian ethics, an action is right if it...
Promotes the agent's individual self-interest
Conforms to universal moral rules derived from reason
Maximizes overall happiness, everyone considered
Is commanded by God |
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Definition
Chapter 13
Conforms to universal moral rules derived from reason |
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Term
According to traditional utilitarianism, an action is right if it...
Promotes the agent's individual self-interest
Conforms to universal moral rules derived from reason
Maximizes overall happiness, everyone considered
Is commanded by God |
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Definition
Chapter 13
Maximizes overall happiness, everyone considered |
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Term
Inference to the best explanation is a form of inductive reasoning in which we reason from premises about a state of affairs to...
A deductive conclusion
An explanation for that state of affairs
An enumerative induction
An analogical induction |
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Definition
Chapter 10
An explanation for that state of affairs |
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Term
Before evaluating a theory, we should make sure that it meets the minimum requirement of...
Validity
Cogency
Conservatism
Consistency |
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Definition
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Term
An inference to the best explanation always goes "beyond the evidence"—it tries to explain facts but does so by...
Positing a theory that is derived entirely from those facts
Selecting a theory from a world of facts
Positing a theory that is not derived entirely from those facts
Positing tentative facts |
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Definition
Chapter 10
Positing a theory that is not derived entirely from those facts |
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Term
A theory that is internally consistent is free of...
Additional hypotheses
Content
External data
Contradictions |
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Definition
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Term
The standards used to judge the worth of explanatory theories are known as...
The criteria of adequacy
The rules of consistency
The criteria of evaluation
The norms of theory |
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Definition
Chapter 10
The criteria of adequacy |
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Term
A hypothesis that cannot be verified independently of the phenomenon it is supposed to explain is said to be...
Simple
Ad hoc
Fruitless
Inconsistent |
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Definition
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Term
A theory with scope is one that explains or predicts phenomena...
That it was introduced to explain in the first place
Visible to the naked eye
Other than that which it was introduced to explain
That are unknown |
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Definition
Chapter 10
Other than that which it was introduced to explain |
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Term
A theory that fits with our established beliefs is...
Testable
Simple
Conservative
Fruitful |
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Definition
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Term
The criteria of adequacy include...
Testability, scope, conservatism
Testability, scope, consistency
Testability, complexity, conservatism
Testability, scope, fruitlessness |
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Definition
Chapter 10
Testability, scope, conservatism |
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Term
Our guiding attitude toward the world of advertising should be one of…
Reasonable suspicion
Reasonable skepticism
Reasonable doubt
Reasonable caution |
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Definition
Chapter 8
Reasonable skepticism |
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Term
Advertisers use weasel words to…
Make misleading comparisons
Appear to make strong claims without lying
Appeal to our emotions
Blatantly deceive consumers |
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Definition
Chapter 8
Appear to make strong claims without lying |
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Term
Ads that depend for their effectiveness on not looking like ads are called…
Paid search ads
Social media ads
Display ads
Native ads |
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Definition
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Term
All of the following are old school advertising tricks except…
Weasel words
Splicing
Identification
Misleading comparisons |
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Definition
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Term
This ad—"You may have already won a new 2020 Ford pickup truck!"—illustrates the use of…
Weasel words
Slogans
Emotional appeals
Misleading comparisons |
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Definition
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Term
This ad—"Big sale! Apple iPad for less than the suggested retail price!" —illustrates the use of…
Weasel words
Slogans
Emotional appeals
Misleading comparisons |
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Definition
Chapter 8
Misleading comparisons |
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Term
The presidential election between Lyndon B. Johnson and Barry Goldwater marked the beginning of…
Fake news
Doctored political videos
Negative political ads
Native advertising |
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Definition
Chapter 8
Negative political ads |
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Term
Today, the go-to tactic for political smearing, propaganda, and hatchet jobs is…
The use of manipulated videos
The use of slogans
Fake news
Misleading comparisons |
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Definition
Chapter 8
The use of manipulated videos |
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Term
Cropping, changing speed, dubbing audio, and adding or deleting visual information are all methods of the specific technique known as…
Splicing
Misrepresentation
Doctoring
Manipulation |
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Definition
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Term
A photoshopped gif circulated on social media showing Parkland student and gun-control advocate Emma Gonzalez ripping the U.S. Constitution illustrates the specific technique known as…
Splicing
Misrepresentation
Doctoring
Manipulation |
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Definition
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Term
The term "fake news" refers to news stories that…
Contain factual errors and mistakes
Are biased in favor of one political party
Are deliberately false or misleading
Spread political propaganda |
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Definition
Chapter 7
Are deliberately false or misleading |
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Term
The attitude requiring that we reject the habit of automatically accepting claims found in the media or online is called…
Reasonable suspicion
Reasonable skepticism
Reasonable doubt
Reasonable caution |
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Definition
Chapter 7
Reasonable skepticism |
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Term
The fact that fake news can endanger innocent lives is illustrated by…
The "Pizzagate" incident
The Haiku Bird hoax
Cameron Harris's fake news "masterpiece" about voter fraud
Increased political polarization |
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Definition
Chapter 7
The "Pizzagate" incident |
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Term
In addition to endangering innocent lives, fake news harms society by…
Spreading left-wing hoaxes
Sewing distrust and exaggerating social conflicts
Unfairly discrediting right-wing views
Satirizes political issues that should be treated seriously |
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Definition
Chapter 7
Sewing distrust and exaggerating social conflicts |
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Term
Characteristics of trustworthy fact checkers include…
Using secondary sources whenever possible
Disclosing their sources of funding
Making no errors
Using partisan sources whenever possible |
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Definition
Chapter 7
Disclosing their sources of funding |
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Term
Websites like AllSides.com and ProCon.org are useful aides for…
Lateral reading
Fact-checking
Vertical reading
Discovering fake images |
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Definition
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Term
In order to read a news source critically, we must ask ourselves if the claims we encounter have been examined by fact checkers, are plausible, and…
Are accepted by most people
Reinforce what we'd like to believe
Are supported by evidence
Contradict our existing beliefs |
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Definition
Chapter 7
Are supported by evidence |
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Term
Fake news articles often succeed because…
It's impossible to distinguish fake news from real news
People desire evidence that supports their beliefs
Most people lack the ability to think critically
People don't care about the truth of what they read |
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Definition
Chapter 7
People desire evidence that supports their beliefs |
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Term
Lateral reading involves…
Rejecting any claim not backed by experts
Treating every claim with skepticism
Comparing a variety of sources
Checking what we read for fallacies and rhetorical ploys |
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Definition
Chapter 7
Comparing a variety of sources |
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Term
Reverse image searches are most useful for…
Finding incongruities in an image
Determining the source of an image
Doctoring or altering an image
Checking if an image has been used before |
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Definition
Chapter 7
Checking if an image has been used before |
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Term
|
Definition
Chapter 7
Deliberately false or misleading news stories that masquerade as truthful reporting |
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Term
| What is Reasonable Skepticism? |
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Definition
Chapter 7
An attitude entailing that we give up the habit of automatically accepting claims in the media, reject the assumption that most of what's said online is true, and stop taking the word of online sources on faith. Reasonable skepticism requires that we refuse to believe a claim unless there are legitimate reasons for doing so. |
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Term
|
Definition
Chapter 8
The practice of calling the publics attention to something to induce them to buy products or services or otherwise change their opinions or behavior |
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Term
| What is Native Advertising? |
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Definition
Chapter 8
Paid advertising designed to imitate the tone, style and look of a publication's editorial or journalistic content. |
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Term
| What is Ad Hoc Hypothesis? |
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Definition
Chapter 10
A hypothesis, or theory, that cannot be verified independently of the phenomenon it's supposed to explain. Ad hoc hypotheses always make a theory less simple-and therefore less credible. |
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Term
|
Definition
Chapter 10
A criterion of adequacy for judging the worth of theories. A conservative theory is one that fits with our established beliefs. |
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Term
| What is the Criteria of Adequacy? |
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Definition
Chapter 10
The standards used to judge the worth of explanatory theories. They include:
-Testability
-Fruitfulness
-Scope
-Simplicity
-Conservatism |
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Term
|
Definition
Chapter 10
A criterion of adequacy for judging the worth of theories. A fruitful theory is one that makes novel predictions or yield new insights. |
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Term
| What is Inference to the Best Explanation? |
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Definition
Chapter 10
A form of inductive reasoning in which we reason from premises about a state of affairs to an explanation for that state of affairs. |
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Term
|
Definition
Chapter 10
A criterion of adequacy for judging the worth of theories. A theory with scope is one that explains or predicts phenomena other than that which it was introduced to explain. |
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Term
|
Definition
Chapter 10
A criterion of Adequacy for judging the worth of theories that states that all things being equal, the best theory is the one that makes the fewest assumptions. The theory making the fewest assumptions is less likely to be false because there are fewer ways for it to go wrong. |
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Term
|
Definition
Chapter 10
A criterion of adequacy for judging the worth of theories. A testable theory is one in which there is some way to determine whether the theory is true or false. If a theory is untestable then it is worthless as an explanatory theory. |
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Term
|
Definition
Chapter 10
A four-step procedure for evaluating the worth of a theory.
Step 1: State the theory and check for consistency.
Step 2: Assess the evidence for the theory.
Step 3: Scrutinize alternative theories.
Step 4: Test the theories with the criteria of adequacy. |
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Term
| What is a Moral Statement? |
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Definition
Chapter 13
A statement asserting that an action is right or wrong (moral or immoral) or that something (such as a person or motive) is good or bad. |
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Term
|
Definition
Chapter 13
A philosophy of life, a set of beliefs and theories that helps us make sense of a wide range of issues in life. It defines for us what exists, what should be, and what we can know. |
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