Details Title: Criminology Description: Exam 2 Chapters 11-14 Total Flash Cards: 55 Created: 10/10/2007 20:38:16		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Sociology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Situational Inducement     Definition short-term influence on a person's behavior, such as financial problems or peer pressure, that increases risk taking; it does not cause crime Term What are the most typical forms of professonal theft? Definition pocke-picking, burglary, shoplifting, forgery, counterfeiting, extortion Term Upon what is status based among professional thieves? Definition technical skill, financial standing, connection, power, dress, manners, knowledge base Term Sutherland's Typology of Professional Theives Definition pickpocket, confidence games, forger, extortionist, hotel prowl, penny-weighter, shoplifter, heel Term Professional Fence Definition someone who earns his living solely by buying and reselling stolen merchandise  Term associational fence Definition amateur fences who barter stolen goods for fences  Term boosters   Definition professional shoplifters who steal with the intention of reselling the stolen merchandise Term snitches Definition amateur shoplifters who do not self-identify as theives; steal for personal use Term target removal strategies vs. target hardening strategies   Definition dummy/disabled goods on display for target removal; locking goods in place or monitoring them with electronic systems Term five catergories of auto theft transactions Definition (1) joyriding: steal to enjoy experience of owning a car; (2) short-term transportation; (3) long-term transportation: intend to keep the car for personal use; (4) profit; (5) commission of another crime Term stages of the burglar career ladder Definition (1) young novices who learn the trade from experienced burglars (often relatives); (2) journeyman stage: search for lucrative targets and careful planning, reputation developed; (3) become professional burglars once they have developed advanced skills Term arson for profit Definition hired by people who want to collect insurance money, but are afraid to set the fire themselves Term arson fraud Definition a business owner burning his property to escape financial problems Term white collar crime Definition involves illegal activities with the purpose of profit through legitimate business transactions Term organized crime Definition illegal activities whose purpose is profit through illegitimate business enterprise Term chiseling Definition crimes that involve using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers or both on a regular basis Term churning Definition repeated, excessive, and unnecessary buying and selling of stock Term front running Definition brokers place personal orders ahead of a large customer's order to profit from the market effects of the trade Term bucketing Definition skimming customer trading profits by falsifying trade information Term insider trading Definition illegal buying of stock based on information provided by someone who has fidiciary interest in the company Term major types of client fraud Definition healthcare fraud, bank fraud, tax evasion Term  four types of market conditions defined illegal by the Sherman Antitrust Act Definition (1) division of markets: firms agree not to compete in each other's territory; (2) tying arrangement: requiring customers of one of its services to use another one of its services; (3) group boycott; (4) price fixing Term Corporate Culture Theory Definition the theory that some businesses promote white-collar criminality; enterprises cause crime by placing excessive demands on employees while at the same time maintaining a tolerant business  Term compliance strategies of combating white-collar crime Definition aim for law conformity without the necessity of detecting, processing, or penalizing individual violators; self-policing and incentive to obey the law  Term deterrence strategies of combating white-collar crime Definition involve detecting criminal violations, determining who is responsible, and penalizing the offenders to deter future violations; used more often Term three major types of internet securities fraud Definition (1) market manipulation: pump & dump/cyber smear; (2) fraudulent offerings of securities; (3) illegal touting: when individuals make securities recommendations and fail to disclose that they are being paid to disseminate their favorable opinions Term traits of organized crime Definition (1) goals of economic gain, power, and status; (2) include money laundering; (3) predatory tactics; (4) effective in controlling/disciplining their members and victims; (5) does not include terrorists dedicated to political change Term Alien Conspiracy Theory Definition holds that organized crime is made up of a national syndicate of 25 or so italian-dominated families that call themselves La Cosa Nostra Term Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO) Act Definition prohibits involvement in acts intended to: (1) the unlawful collection of debts; (2) acquire any enterprise engaged in interstate commerce; (3) conspire to use racketeering as a means on income Term Why is Mafia power eroding? Definition the heads are older and the new generation lacks the skills of the old; pressure from newly emerging games; the loss of their political and social base  Term Moral Entrepreneurs Definition People who use their influence to shape the legal process in ways they see fit Term Paraphilias Definition Term outlawed paraphilic behaviors Definition autoerotic asphyxia; frotteurism: touching a nonconsenting person in a crowd; voyeurism; exhibitionism; sadomasochism; pedophilia Term conditions of a commercial sexual transaction Definition sexual activity, economic transaction, emotional indifference Term evidence that prostitution has declined Definition the number of arrests for prostitution has remained stable for the past two decades while the population has increased Term what caused the decrease in prostitution? Definition the sexual revolution; STDs Term types of prostitutes Definition bar girls: served diluted drinks for high prices; brothels; call girls; escort services; circuit travelers: travel in groups to labor camps and truck stops; skeezers: barter drugs for sex; massage parlors; cyber Term factors that lead to prostitution Definition poor communities; absent fathers; abuse; limited education; drugs Term causes of substance abuse Definition subcultural view: environmental basis; psychological view; genetic factors; social learning; problem behavior syndrome; rational choice  Term types of drug users   Definition teens who deal various amounts; delinquent teens; teens who cycle in and out of the system; respectable adults; smugglers; predatory users; women offenders Term drug control strategies Definition source control; interdiction: intercepting supplies as they enter the country; law enforcement; punishment; community: prevention/awareness programs; drug-testing; treatment; employment Term major types of cyber crimes Definition cyber theft; cyber vandalism: viruses, spam, stalking, spying; cyber terrorism Term denial of service attack Definition flooding a network to prevent legitimate traffic; disrupting network connections; disrupting service to a specific system or person Term phishing Definition designed to gain illegal access to a victim's personal information Term cyber vandalism Definition malicious attacks aimed at disrupting, defacing, and destroying  technology Term difference between a virus and a worm Definition similar to viruses but use networks to send themselves to other users Term why may our fears of cyber terrorism be misplaced? Definition infrastructure hard to hack into; physical attacks are more likely; too many locations to cause widespread damage Term how is law enforcement using technology? Definition creating special cyber units and agencies Term technocorrections Definition the use of information technology to minimize risks in secure correctional institutions; techniques include:locating and monitoring inmates, prison security Term What was the result of Giuliani's attempt to clean up NY streets? Definition sex workers were pushed off streets and into indoor venues; they have less contact with social services; women see their work as more of a profession and as a result their exit of the field is delayed Term What did the growth of the internet enable sex workers to do? Definition At the same time, the growth of the Internet enabled sex workers to solicit clients from the relative security of their own homes and other spaces not easily detectable by lawenforcement surveillance Term In what ways does the entrance into sex work parallel that of formal empolyment? Definition women overwhelmingly enter sex work through contact with someone either in the trade or via an individual supporting their entrance Term factors contributing to the careerist orientation of sex work Definition Physical danger & the risk of arrest; addiction to “the life” & the formation of a sex work identity Term Consequences of careerist orientation of sex work Definition social networks of indoor sex workers; receipt of social services; exit from the trade Term primary reasons sex workers don't recieve public assistance that they want or need Definition stigma and isolation from outreach groups