Term
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Definition
| An act that breaks the law eg. Murder, Speeding |
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Term
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Definition
| an act that goes against the norms and values of society. Eg. Getting Drunk, Nose Picking |
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Term
| Durkheim- Collective Conscience |
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Definition
A set of shared values that forms the basis of society
Problems- The boundries change over time, the limited amount of cime that Durkhiem refers to is what helps to clarify the boundries |
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Term
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Definition
| 'A certain amount of crime is necassary for a society to function' |
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Term
| 3 positive aspects of crime |
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Definition
1) Re-affiming the boundries- when a person breaks he law and goes to courts, the publicity of this helps to re-affirm the boundries
2) Changing Values- A person is taken to court for a crime, sympathy is felt which leads to a change in the law. Eg. Cannabis use
3) Social Cohesion- When a horrific crime is committed, it brings the society together.Eg. 9/11 attacks on America and 7/7 attack on London |
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Term
| Four bonds that bind us together |
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Definition
1- Attachment
2- Commitment
3- Involvment
4- Belief |
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Term
| Physioloical Theories of Crime |
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Definition
Lombroso (1876)
(Stocky & Rounded) These types tend to be more agressive ad active than other body types, therefore are more prone to crime. |
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Term
| Pschological Theories of Crime |
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Definition
Moir & Jessel
LOW LEVELS OF SEROTIN
have a role in:
- toning down how people behave
- inhibts impulsive & Anto-social behaviour
- leads to ADD in children
M&J- damage to the frontal lobes of the brain can lead to agressive and impulsive personality disorders---> more prone to criminal behaviour. |
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Term
| Famous concept of Durkheim |
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Definition
| ANOMIE- in times of great social change/stress, the collective conscience may be weakened. |
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Term
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Definition
| When ANOMIE exists crime rates increase and the stuation can be bought under control by reimposing the collective values |
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Term
| Merton adapted Durkheims concept of crime.... |
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Definition
| suggested it was a reaction to situations where socially approved goals were impossible for majority of the population to reach by legitimate means. |
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Term
| 5 responses to cultural goals... |
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Definition
1. Conformity
2. Innovation
3. Ritualism
4. Retreatism
5. Rebellion |
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Term
| David Matza's crits of other Sociologists....... |
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Definition
They make deviants appear more distinctive than they really are
- present on an over-deterministic view of deviance
- Matza believes this ignores choice and alternative which are always avalible for human action. |
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Term
| Alternative explanations for Devience (Matza) |
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Definition
* Delinquents commit to the same norms and values as members of society
- Society has a strong hold on them
- Delinquents are part time law breakers
- Delinquents feel remorse for their actions |
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Term
| 5 Techniques of Neutralisation... |
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Definition
1) Denial of Responsibilty- not admitting to hat they have done
2) Denial the act was wrong- an assualt on a person that 'does something wrong' eg. attack on a homeosexual, wasn' wrong but a favour to society
3) Denial of Injury- no-one got hurt and it was just a bit of fun.Eg. Joy riding
4) Condemenation of those who enforce the rules- Police are seen as corrupt and teachers as unjust & hypocritical
5) Appeal to higher loyalities- the law was broken to help a member of the family or a friend |
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Term
| David Matza's Subterreanen Values... |
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Definition
Encourages enjoying yourself, acting on the spur of the moment, self exression, eing agressive and seeking excitment
Deviant behvaiour--> These values are shown in the wrong place at the wrong time |
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Term
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Definition
Adolescents feel powerless; people pushing them around & telling them what to do.
- To overcome this they need to rstore their 'mood of humanism' |
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Term
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Definition
| Wish to feel like a victim & to prove they are human too who can inluence events around them |
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Term
| 2 CRITS ABOUT MERTONS THEORY |
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Definition
1. Delinquency is a collective rather than an individual response - individuals join a collective response
2. Merton fails to account for non-utilitarian crimes such as Vandalism, Joyriding |
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Term
| Status Frustation (Cohen) |
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Definition
| Caused by dissatifaction in their low place in society - cannot get high status jobs - turn to crime - do not share the same culture as the mainstream society |
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Term
| Delinquent Subculture (Cohen) |
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Definition
Stop looking at the goals of mainstream society - join similar peple - find other ways of gaining sucess
* They reverse and reject mainstream culture |
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Term
| Cloward & Ohlin- Criminal Subculture |
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Definition
| The Youn are exposed to criminal role models, deviant values & criminal skills. |
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Term
| Cloward & Ohlin- Conflict Subculture |
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Definition
| Emerge in areas where adolscents have little oppurtuinty for acess to illegitimate oppurtuinty structre |
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Term
| Cloward & Ohlin- Retreatist Subculture |
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Definition
| Double failures- failed in legitimate means and in illegitmate structure |
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Term
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Definition
1. Toughness- concerns with mass culinty & physical threat and its rejecying timidy and weakness. 'Reputation'
2. Smartness- capacity to act smart or con another, expressed as the 'conman'
3. Excitment- Involves search for motional Stimilus eg.Alcohol, Gambaling, Sex |
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Term
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Definition
| Providing the opportunity for a career in crime. There needed to be a stable, cohesive working class community with contacts in both the mainstream and illegal communities, successful role models for the young, and a career structure for aspiring criminals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Existing if the criminal subculture is absent. If no criminal career is available to young males they may turn their frustration at failure in both the legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures into violence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Being the one that takes the double failures, those who don't make it in crime or violence. The failures retreat into drugs and petty theft. |
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