Term
| Conformity is due to informal and formal factors, what are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Social bond theory states that a person's bond is composed of __________ and encourages ________ |
|
Definition
| Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief; conformity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Criminals drift between conventional and illicit behavior throughout their lives |
|
|
Term
| Describe Containment theory |
|
Definition
| Contain behavior on the conventional side through internal means (discipline, morality, structural integrity) and external means (police, courts, etc) |
|
|
Term
| Walter Reckless' containment theory states that... |
|
Definition
| Those with high self-esteem or self-concepts are able to contain their behavior to appropriate ones (internal containment) |
|
|
Term
| According to containment theory, in order to prevent crime we must... |
|
Definition
| Help the self-esteem of law breakers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opportunity is not equally distributed. Discrimination can be based on gender, race, income, or education |
|
|
Term
| Describe a few features of social reaction theories |
|
Definition
-Durkheim's "Looking Glass Self": your self-esteem is based on how those around you behave towards you
-Behaviors are labelled deviant or acceptable
-These are often based on social class |
|
|
Term
| Describe Lemert's primary and secondary deviance |
|
Definition
Primary: initial deviations that bring about the social response (can continue indefinitely)
Secondary: Acts that follow social response that change the person's self-concept (acceptance of deviant label) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Laws reflect morality, but the morality of those in power (ergo don't necessarily reflect consensus). Powerful control enforcement of laws and CJ system |
|
|
Term
| Radical theory advocates... |
|
Definition
| The overthrow of the current system in order to install a new, more equitable one |
|
|
Term
| Describe "critical" criminology |
|
Definition
People form class interests (ie the "occupy" movement) which clash against interest groups.
-Collapse of the economic order: economy gets so bad that the government begins to fail |
|
|
Term
| Describe radical feminism |
|
Definition
Men have been in charge for too long and have messed everything up (such as making decisions that only benefit men and the intense prison growth).
-Propose power sharing among genders |
|
|
Term
| Describe environmental theory |
|
Definition
| Time and location influence crime and combines this with classic criminology and social disorganization |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 primary assumptions of environmental theory? |
|
Definition
-Crimes are based on opportunity
-There are a variety of factors that drive criminal decisions (such as value of items, size, penalty attached)
-There is a relationship between victim and offender |
|
|
Term
| Describe rational choice theory |
|
Definition
Heavily based in classical school (involves free-will, people are rational, calculate decisions)
-Crime is ordinary and committed by reasoning individuals
-Involves choice and structuring priorities (target, monetary gain, expertise necessary, etc) |
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of situational crime prevention? |
|
Definition
| To find how to protect ourselves from crime and victimization through our environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design; Target hardening |
|
|
Term
| Theories of victimization hold that... |
|
Definition
| Victims often engage in behavior that sets the stage for crime (like prostitutes or jewelry store workers) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the lifestyle theory of victimization |
|
Definition
| Lifestyle has an impact on chances of victimization (gang members, etc); includes how much time you spend in public at night, time spent around the house during the day, and who you hang out with |
|
|
Term
| Describe a bit of the history of victim's services and the effects of it |
|
Definition
-No victim's services prior to the 70s
-Therefore unable to participate in legal process
-Later considered a violation of due process (whereas in the 70s it was considered inflammatory) |
|
|
Term
| What is restorative justice? |
|
Definition
| When families are seen as the party that influences whether the jury should be forgiving or seek revenge |
|
|
Term
| What are the target indicators of victimization? |
|
Definition
-Convenience
-Desirability
-Vincibility (can I get away with it?) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the idea of victim-offender interaction |
|
Definition
-Has to do with the subculture of violence
-Involves victim precipitation (20-50% of intentional homicides brought about by victim)
-Coercive actions (violence is purposeful and not accidental, offenders choose less powerful victims) |
|
|
Term
| Repeat victimization is most attributed to _____ or ___ crimes and has to do with ______, _______ occurring circumstances |
|
Definition
| Violent; Sex; specific; regularly |
|
|
Term
| Hot spots (or geography) of crime is the idea that... |
|
Definition
| Certain areas are more prone to crime than others (bars, abandoned buildings) |
|
|
Term
| According to the UCR, violent crimes only make up ___% of total crime |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Homicide does not necessarily involve... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define criminal and justifiable homicide |
|
Definition
Criminal: Negligent
Justifiable: legal excuse for taking a life (ie self defense) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The taking of another's life with intent to kill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of manslaughter? |
|
Definition
Voluntary
Involuntary
Negligent |
|
|
Term
| Describe the nature of homicide |
|
Definition
-Stranger homicide very rare (2%)
-Most homicides are of a relative or acquaintance (not friend)
-Very young and very old have a reduced chance of being murdered
-75% of homicides have motives
-Gang murders have many unintended victims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One who murders 1 victim at a time over a long period of time
-IQ is evenly distributed, but on average is slightly below average |
|
|
Term
| How do mass murders kill? |
|
Definition
| Multiple victims in one event (ie James Huberty) |
|
|
Term
| What are the relevant theories in regard to homicide? |
|
Definition
| Differential Association, culture conflict (esp. hate crimes), subculture values, containment theory |
|
|
Term
| Causes of homicide may include... |
|
Definition
| Biological determinism, psychological determinism, and group theories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An attack on another person with intent to cause injury |
|
|
Term
| What is simple and aggravated assault? |
|
Definition
Simple: little to no harm
Aggravated: serious harm (Part 1 offense, mostly committed by male minorities) |
|
|
Term
| What are relevant theories in regards to assault? |
|
Definition
| Same as homicide and general theory of crime in regards to impulsivity |
|
|
Term
| Name a few types of family violence |
|
Definition
| Domestic violence, child abuse, and elder abuse |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of family violence? |
|
Definition
| Mental illness, family adversity, drug abuse, young parenthood, unemployment, and lack of family efficacy (control) |
|
|
Term
| What are the relevant theories in regards to family violence? |
|
Definition
| Biological and psychological determinism, violent society, Merton's strain theory, Agnew's general strain |
|
|
Term
| Which is more rare, sexual assault or full blown rape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A crime of anger, opportunistic, rare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rape with no prior contact; based on convenience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the man doesn't take "no" for an answer |
|
|
Term
| What are the relevant theories in regard to sexual assault? |
|
Definition
| Psychological determinism (anger, sociopaths, misogynists), socio-cultural, and social disorganization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The taking of another's property through force or fear of force |
|
|
