1. The Dramatic Fallacy: To keep rating's high, media focus's on violent murders, which are actually a small(tiny) portion of actual crime

2.Cops and Courts Fallacy: Media portrays police work at very dangerous and challenging, most officers never shot anything or shot at, increasing police seems to have minor effects, most crimes are not reported, most crimes reported not solved.

3. Not Me Fallacy: Most people think they could or would never commit a crime but many smoke weed, steal, or drunk drive. Marojity of people commit at least some law even though never caught

4. Innocent Youth Fallacy: Society tend to view young people as pure or innocent, teen years are most active years for crime, majority of crime is young offenders, young offenders is usally more dangerous then older

5. Ingenuity Fallacy: We think criminals are smarter then they really are, lightweight high value crimes make crimes more easier to commit beause they take little planning, little skill and barely no time to commit

6. Organized Crime Fallacy: We tend to see crime as more organized and conspiratorial then it is, most criminals act quickly and avoid contact with co-offenders and dont plan much, dealing with organized crime make law enforcement seem more important and harder than it really is 

7. Juvenile Gang Fallacy:Media portays these gangs  as sinster but in reality they are actually petty and disorganized

8. Welfare State Fallacy:  Wrong to blame crime on poverty or unemployment, government intervention doesn't reduce crime, when economy improves crime goes up

9. Agenda Fallacy:Many blame crime on declining morality, but criminals know whats wrong and right, they just tend to ignore it, especially when no one is watching

10. Whatever you think Fallacy:  what is or not a crime varies from one society to another, hard to say what crime is. Labelling crimes are positive regardless of what some criminologist think.

Name which are true or False

1. Police are clever and effective

2. Criminals resemble their victims

3.Elderly more victimizied

4. People who kill at random are pahtological

5.Most crimes are violent

6. Small portion of crimes are violent

7.  Crime rates going down

8. Most crimes are not detected or not reported; most go unsolved

9. Young more likey to go out at night and be victimized

10. Most crimes are common and routine 

11. Crime rates going up

12. Most criminals are dangerous and clever. 

1. F 

2. T

3. F

4. F

5. F

6. T

7. T

8. T

9. T

10. T

11. F

12.F 

- Crime as a legal construct

- Violation of Social Norms

-Consensus vs Conflict 

Actus Reus - the mere physical criminal act

Mens Rea - Criminal Intent or Motivation 

1. Must be intentional, actus reus

2.  Must have a criminal intent , mens rea

3.  No legal defense or justification

4. Must be contrary to provisions of criminal law 

Mala in se - Crimes that are perceived historically and cross culturally as wrong

Mala prhobitia - Crimes that wrong because it is prohibitied

Norm. Vio: Laws that criminalize acts mos societies and cultures agree are inheritly wrong eg. Murder and incest

- Consensus - Society works together and norms are based on shared values, if you do not share these values, then your(criminal) are abnormal

Conflict - the laws being formed within society are usually done with the ones with power 

- presumption of guilt unless proven innocent

- confession through inquisition, usually torture

- death penalty for most crimes

-  the rest , physical torture

Founder of Criminology

- torture was unfair

- people confess even though not guilty due to pain

- innocent were tortured anyways

 - guility treated same as innocent if able to handle pain

- death penatly inappropriate - people give up right in society but state shouldnt have right to kill them

What did Jeremy Bentham believe in?  

 and what did he employ and name the six criteria he used?

- People were rational

- hedonistic caluclus on deciding whether a certain action was more likely to result in pleasure than in pain

- Intensity, Duration, Certainty/Uncertainty, Closeness/Remoteness,Recundity,Purity 

- used scientific method to explain criminal behavior

- Notion of determinsin (doctrine that human acts have consequences) then free will

- human behavior was predetermined by their genes 

That free will did not exist

- we shold emphasis on determing effects of social, economic, and political factors 

- crimes as being " against the laws of nature"

- natural crimes that violated the sentiments of "probity" and "pity"

- advocate eliminate of crimanals though incapacitation or execution 

- Crime as social events involving victims, bystanders, witness, police, and particaipants in the criminal justice system

- examines the precursrs, transaction, and aftermaths of criminal events

- examines the setting the crimal event has taken place as well 

- Social events

- Social because it invovles people interacting with each other eg. offenders, victims, bystanders, witnesses, crimal justic personnel

- Event because they have an beggining and an end 

Young males 

- aged 15 -24

- lower socioeconomic status

- unemployed/temporarily unemployed 

Excuses - Offernder agrees the act was wrong, but say that he/she didn't do it

Justicication - Offernder accepts responsibility but claims act was justified 

False. Guilt is aka techniques of neturaliaztion

- they find it necessary to jusitfy their behavior 

true

 - sometimes think they lost it

- might not define it as especailly if friend/family did it 

False. They can prevent crime

- by presence

- crimines dont like witnesses

- breaking up fight, call police

They can facilatate crime as well

- encouraging

- particiapting 

p : actually looking for crimes

R: only respond to calls 

- process of assessment, classifictin, and recording of police report

- there decision influenced by vareity of factors: relationship between offender and victim, policngy style of individual officer, prefrence of victim, etc 

Tested proactive, reactive and control responses

-  no diff in crime rates

- no diff in arrest rates

- no diff. in citzien awareness of police 

Crimes are evenly distrubted between time and space.

 T or F? 

- False 

Winter Season when crimes rates are lower, time of the day B/E are higher

Very little

- benifits are short lived

- crime rates go down in crack down area, but crime rates unchanged for the city (suggest crime displacement)
 

T

- Lower in 'better off' urban areas with stable population 

50 % your house or someone elses

25% commerical settings (shopping mall)

25% public place (park, streets) 

F

-  People usually commit crimes close to places central in their lives (eg. places of work, their schools, orthere homes)

- seen paths are more travelled, more likey to commit crimes on these paths

P: Situational factors that bring people together in time and space

T: The interactions between the individuals that have led to the outcome of a crime being commited (offernders, victims, witnesses, bystanders, etc)

A: Events that occur after the commited crime, (CJS actions, harm to victim, punishment to offender) 

    - C = f ( LMO) B

    - C = Criminal Event
    - L = a law (or conduct norm)
    - M = a moticated offender
    - O - an oppurtunity
    - B - enviromental backcloth (eg. TIme space)
    - F = Function

    - O = f (VPTS)

    - O = oppurunity
    - V - a victim or target
    - P - a place
    - T - a time
    - S - spefic sitatuion

- Direct observation in the natural settings

- Experimental observation

- police reports

-victimization surveys

- self report surveys 

- False

- usually based on the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

- but criminologist also look at the GSS 

- criminal events occur with relative infrequency

- criminals spend a lot of their time doing non - criminal stuff 

- ciminals want to be secret, they go out of their way to avoid observation

- if researches succeed in observing, should they record or call cops?

- researches might be the victims

- what if offender see them observing their criminal behavior? 

- Informed consent - if you tell the subjects what you're going to do, they may refuse, or alter their behavior

- if you encourage subjects to break the law, you may be breaking the law yourself 

- if test subject got answer wrong, electricity to him

- many teachers who had to give him electricty kept giving it to him even if it might death in the name of science 

Many  incidents of crime go undectected/unreported and dont make it to the UCR

 - Some incidents that are reported may not show up in the UCR because police conclude they are unfounded (not based on facts) 

- True

- the dark figure of recording 

1. Crime Funnel

2. Central city phenomenon

3. Canada's policy on collection of race crime information 

 - decreasing number of reported crimes make their way down through the criminal justice system

- most crimes, few people get arrested

- arrested barely goes to court, etc

Crime rates in reported city centres may not accurately reflect the number of crimiinals who live there

- people travel from else to come to city centres in search of excitemnet, entertainment, or crimes 

F

- Canada does not collect statistics on the relationship (if any) between race and crime.
- To the extent that we have reliable information, it is usually collected by correctional institutions, rather than by the police or the courts.

Cons

- difficult to class people

- police officers no training in race determination

-  result in racial discrimination

Pros

- Public has right to know

- free society, censorship unacceptable

- if ethnic minorites involved in crime, we should know 

-  interview only people with telephones

- people without the phone usually might be the ones most included in crime/victimization 

- misses business

- doesn't sample kids under 15

- respondents might report events 12 months previous 

- over telephone

- ask public whether ever commited crime

- confirms large amount of unreported/undetected crime 

- offenders who are the most fucked up, least likey to participate

- uncovers petty crime people only engage once in a while

 - sometimes respondents confess to every crime in the book 

1) UCr -(judged by police to be serious)

2) GSS - accepted at face value (no evidence)

3) self report survey - accepted at face value (no evidence)

False

- its the GSS 

- use of scientific methods to study and explain human/criminal behavior

- These theories  a degree of determinism (ei. the way people is due to circumstances beyond their control)

- general pedigree study

- twin study

- adoption study

- karyotype study 

- looks at people related to each other

- parents who are criminals might pass criminal gene to children

- eg. If brother a criminal, then other brother should have a high chance of commiting crime 

- Difficult to say whether criminal behaviour is inherited (rather then social enviroment)

- it could be argued that parents taught children that criminal behavior was acceptable , or by watching parents  (eg. Osbournes)

Researchers study diff. between dizygotic (DZ) and monozygotix (MZ) twins. DZ (look diff, born same time) only inherit 50% of their parents gene; MZ inherit 100%

- degree to which behaviour of the twins is similar

- If one mz twin is a criminal, the other twin is more likely to be one

- dz less likely 

- fail to remember that mz twins rasied in simalar enviroment (same social experinces)

- becaue mz look same, they might get same response from people (more then DZ) 

- Extreme Endomorph - round, jovale body type, good nature, fun loving, likes eating

- Extreme Mesomorph - Big, strong, musculer, punch your lights out, scared of him

- Extreme Extomorph - skinny, scared, held back 

- ignores facts that prisnors work out in prision

- stonger guys usually win fights (tend to look like agressors)

- less muscular viewed as vitcims (cause they lose fights) 

F

- but a lower iq could have negative effects on school permonace

- lead to dropping out

 - no school, education, less chance of getting work skills

-  turn to crime

 - School failure hypothesis

- Susceptibily hypothesis

- Differential arrest hypothesis

- Differential adjuctation hypothses

- Differntail dispositon hypothesis 

 - learning disabilites may lead to school failure

- he becomes frustrated

- angry, and agressive

- seen as a "troublemaker"

Psychopaths/sociapaths all refer to mental illeness. T or F

F

- moral deficiency instead of mental illness 

- Conformity

- Innovation

- Ritualism

- Retreatism

- Rebellion

- Innovation 

What is Albert Cohen Status Deprivation?

lower class youth had same aspirations as other youths

- when competting for status in school, they couldnt meet the "middle class measuring rod"

- develop a sense of status frustration 

- Societies all have valued goals for its pursuit of the "American Dream"

- the strain can result from not acheving this goal and people telling you your a failure 

- Admitting that you deserve the poor outcome

- lowering goals/expectations 

- criminals learn criminal values with interacting with other people

 -learn techniques commiting crime and justifiying criminal behaviour 

- That certain values and norms are acceptable means of resolving interpersonal conflict

eg. tougness is normal behavior

- carrying weapons normal etc 

that learning to become criminal includes     learning motives and rationaliztions for committing crimes

eg. excuses 

- nothing unique about criminal behaivour and that motivation to engage in such behaviour is wide spread

-  

- youth are controlled by outer(family values,effective supervision) and inner(self control, good self image) causes that either prevent or causes nonconformist behavior (crimes)

- internal pushes - retlessness,impatience, anger

- external pulls - povery, unemplyoemnt 

If individuals had strong social bonds within society, they would be less likey to engage in crime

- Attachment - degree to which children are senstive to expectations of partenrs or teachers

- Commitment - size of investments and energy one uses to get good grades etc

- Involvment - participation in the world which leaves little time for delinquency

- Belief - degree that one believes conforming is valued/respected 

What is Gottfredsons and Hirshci's general theory of crime?

 And name 6 key features

- criminal activity appeals to people who are impulsive, short ighted, physical, riskt aking ,, nonverbal, low self control

- criminal acts provide immediate gratification

- criminal acts provid easy or simple gratification

- criminal acts are exciting, risky, thrilling

- crimes provide few long term benifits

- crimes requrie little skill /planning

- crimes oftern results in pain for the victim 

- low self control

- ineffective child rearing

- adequate child rearing

- monitor child, reconze deviant behavir and punish 

What is specific and general deterence?

and Detterence's work. T or F? 

S: indiviudal caught and pubihsed for crime

G: general public ses someones else being punished

False 

trajectories = life patheways that people are traveling on, and the direction in which their lives are going

- transitions = turning points, liek special life events that may change the trjectories eg. marriage, or getting a job,  university