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| Articles of Confederation |
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| the first national constitution; it created a limited government without the power to tax or regulate trade; amendments required unanimous consent of the states; was quickly proved too weak |
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| a 1,500-farmer protest against some economic and political policies; showed that the government under the Articles had very little power |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| contained a bill of rights guaranteeing trial by jury, freedom of religion, and freedom from excessive punishment; set regulations for the statehood applications of western territories |
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| a convention organized by Alexander Hamilton to create a uniform commerical policy; only five delegates showed up |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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| a meeting to revise the Articles of Confederation; ended up creating the Constitution |
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| aimed to modify the Articles with equal representation from each state in the legislature |
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| called for an entirely new government based on checks and balances and for population-based representation for states in the legislature |
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| Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) |
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| blended the Virginia and New Jersey plan to create a bicameral legislature |
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| slaves counted as three-fifths of a person for representation purposes |
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| opponents of the Constitution |
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| a set of essays supporting the Constitution, anonymously authored by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay |
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| 10 amendments added to the Constitution; was necessary to secure support for ratification |
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| Washington's secretary of state; noted for his preference for a weaker federal government |
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| Washington's secretary of the treasury; preferred a stronger federal government |
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| proposed by Hamilton; was meant to help the economy; Washington was unsure of its constitutionality |
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| led by Jefferson and Madison; people who supported a strict interpretation of the Constitution |
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| broad (loose) constructionists |
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| led by Hamilton; people who believed that the government had implied powers from the Constitution (a broad interpretation) |
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| term coined by loose constructionists; refers to a power the government has in order to carry out other explicitly stated powers |
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| the capital was moved here to appease the South |
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| took place during the Washington administration; revolutionaries had overthrown the French aristocracy |
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| a French representative who tried to secure America's assistance in the French-English conflict |
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| Washington's assertion that the US would be neutral in the French-English conflict |
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| the party that Jefferson's followers founded |
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| a rebellion that occurred when farmers resisted a tax on whiskey; Washington quickly dispatched the militia to quell the rebellion |
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| an unpopular treaty with Great Britain negotiated by John Jay that involved too many concessions |
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| Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney's Treaty) |
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| a treaty with Spain to negotiate use of the Mississippi and prevent attacks from Native Americans |
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| the right of the president to withhold information to protect national security |
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| Washington's Farewell Address |
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| Washington called for American neutrality |
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| a Federalist; Washington's successor and the second president |
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| an incident in which French officials demanded a huge bribe before they would allow negotiations over French seizure of American ships; aroused anti-French sentiment |
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| the government was allowed to forcibly expel foreigners and to jail newspaper editors for speaking against the government; repealed quickly |
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| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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| drafted anonymously by Vice President Jefferson and Madison; stated that states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws |
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| a (very unusual) peaceful change of power between parties |
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| allowed electors to vote for a party ticket, so that presidents and vice presidents were elected together |
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| Adams' last appointments before Jefferson took office; put as many Federalists in government positions as possible |
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| a case where one of Adam's midnight appointments, Marbury, sued for his position when Jefferson refused to grant it to him; Marshall established "judicial review" |
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| Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory for $15 million, an act that required some loose constructionist principles |
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| two explorers sent to investigate the western territories |
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| the British practice of forcing American sailors to join the British navy |
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| stopped America's imports and exports as a result of British aggression; disastrous to the US economy |
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| Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 |
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| reopened trade except with Britain and France |
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| Jefferson's successor as president, starting in 1812 |
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| reopened trade with France and England; promised to cut off trade with one country if the other country promised to stop interfering with American trade |
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| those who wanted war with the British; led by Clay and Calhoun |
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| a war between the US and Britain; Indians allied themselves with the British |
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| a Native American chief who united Indian tribes against the US |
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| Tecumseh's brother, who led a revival of Native American culture and religion |
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| ended the War of 1812 in 1814 |
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| a battle that took place after the war was over (due to slow communication); the only clear-cut US victory; led by Andrew Jackson |
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| a collection of Madison's programs, including improvements to interstate roads and the National Road, protective tariffs, and the rechartering of the National Bank, |
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| the era directly after the fall of the Federalists |
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| in this case, Marshall ruled that the states could not tax the National Bank (national law over state law) |
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| occurred when the National Bank called in unpayable loans; numerous business failures and foreclosures |
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| those who believed that the government had implied powers that were not explicitly forbidden by the Constitution |
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