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Definition
| detection of radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, including those wavelengths that correspond to visible light, ultraviolet light, and infared light, as well as electrical and magnetic stimuli |
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Definition
| detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other ight source, or reflecting off an object |
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Definition
| fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of both a particle and a wave |
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Definition
- flatworm
- simple visual organ
- eye cup containing endings of photoreceptor cells
- layers of pigment casts shadows, so can detect direction of light
- does not form visual images |
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Definition
- sensitive to low intensity light
- do not discriminate colors
- used mostly at night |
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Definition
- require more light for stimulation
- detect color
- fewer than rods in human retina |
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Definition
| vitamin A derivative that absorbs light energy |
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Definition
1. rhodopsin
2. cone pigments |
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Definition
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Definition
- humans have 3 (red, green, blue)
- some species have less |
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| structure or structure tht serve one or more functions related to support, protection and locomotion |
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Definition
1. hydrostatic
2. exoskeleton
3. endoskelton |
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Term
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Definition
- water-filled cavity surrounded by muscle
- water is nearly incompressible, so the pressure can be used to extend parts of the body |
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Definition
- external skeleton surrounding and protecting body
- vary in complexity, thickness, and durability |
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Definition
- internal structures
- do nt protect body surface, only internal organs and other structures |
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Term
| 2 parts of vertebrate skeleton |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| main longitudinal axis (skull, pinal column) |
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| formed where 2 or more bones come together |
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Term
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| muscle is grouping on contractile cells(muscle fibers) bound together by connective tissue |
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| link bones to skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| amplifies the velocity of muscle shortening |
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Definition
- parallel-arranged long protein fibers
- composed of a series of sarcomere units |
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Definition
| muscle cells that are packaged in parallel bundles |
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Definition
| formed by a group of muscle bundles |
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Term
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Definition
- skeletal muscle is type of this
- named for striped microscopic pattern of myofibrils |
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Term
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Definition
| junction of motor neuron's axon and muscle fiber |
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Term
| primary function of circulatory system |
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Definition
| - transport necessary materials to allthe cells of body and to transport waste proucts away from cells where they can be released into environment |
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Term
| 2 basic types of transport/exchange system |
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Definition
1. gastrovascular cavities
2. circulatory systems: open/closed |
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Term
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Definition
| - body cavity with single opening to the outside |
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Term
| basic components of circulatory system |
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Definition
- transport fluid (blood, hemolymph)
- blood vessels
- one or more pumps (heart) |
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Term
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Definition
- found in arthropods and some mollusks
- vessels connected to heart open into animal's body cavity
- fluid in vessels and interstitial fluid are the same
- nutrients and metabolic waste exchanged by diffusion between hemolymph and body cells |
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Term
| closed circulatory system |
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Definition
- blood and interstitial are physically seperated
- allows larger, more active animals higher to more efficiently pump blood to all body cells under high pressure |
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Definition
- single blood circle
- single atrium collects blood from tissues
- single ventricle pumps blood out of heart
- arteries carry blood away from heart to the gills |
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Definition
- two distinct blood circuts
- oxygenated and eoxygenated blood seperates into 2 distinct circuts |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| seperates atria and ventricles |
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Definition
- pace maker
- collection of cardiac cells that spontaneously and rhythmically generate action potentials |
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Term
| 2 phases in cardiac cycle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - atria contract and ventricles fill |
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Term
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Definition
| - ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid connective tissue in closed circulatory system |
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Term
| 4 components of vertebrate blood |
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Definition
1. plasma
2. erythrocytes
3. platelets or thrombocytes
4. leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
- water and solutes
- functions in buffering
- contains dissolved proteins, gases, minerals and nutrients |
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Definition
- red blood cells
- oxygen transport using hemoglobin |
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Definition
| - role in formation of blood clots |
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Definition
- white blood cells
- defend body against infection and disease |
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Definition
- conduct blood away from heart
- layers of smooth muscle adn elastic connective tissue around smooth endothelium |
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Term
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Definition
- smaller in diameter, branches of arteries
- walls are thinner than arteries, lack thick layer of connective tissue
- have smooth muscle encircling |
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Term
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Definition
- smallest and narrowest, thinest walled vessels in the body
- arterioles branch into fine capillary networks
- site of gas and nutrient/waste exchange |
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Definition
- thinner and less elastic thn arteries
- need help returning blood to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
- capillaries come together to drain into this structure
- thin walls |
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Term
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Definition
1. pulmonary respiration
2. internal respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| - gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between air and blood |
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Term
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Definition
| - gas exchange moves carbon dioxide adn oxygen between the blood and cells |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the body surfaces of animals |
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Term
| when does atmospheric pressure decrease? |
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Definition
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Definition
| determined by the proportion of a particular gas in the atmosphere |
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Term
| partial pressure gradients |
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Definition
| drives the the direction of gas diffusion |
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Definition
- vary widely in apperance but all have a large surface area
- may exist in on ebody area or be scattered over a large area, branching |
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Term
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Definition
| - fish gills are confined and proteced within opercular cavity covered by the operculum |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| - branch off of gill arches |
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Term
| which way does the blood in capillaries flow? |
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Definition
opposite direction as water flow
- allows for more efficient gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
- are on the body surface
- lead to tracheae that branch into tracheoloes terminating near every body cell |
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Term
| what draws air in and out of tracheae? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- almost all air-breathing terrestrial vertebrates use them
- they can be ventilated using tidal or flow-though systems |
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Term
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Definition
air is warmed and humidified
- mucus in the nose cleans the ir of dust |
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Term
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Definition
| - hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the hole and ends at the top of trachea and esophagus |
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Definition
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Definition
- glottis (opening to it)protected by epiglottis
- rings of cartilage, cilia and mucus trap particles |
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Term
| lungs in the respiratory system |
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Definition
| - trchea branches into 2 bronchi which break into bronchioles adn then lead to alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| - surrounded by circular muscle to dilate or constrict passage |
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Definition
- small pouches
- site of gas exchange
- one cell thick wall |
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Term
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Definition
a major portin of n animal's body mass
- solvent for chemical reactions
- transport vehicle |
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Term
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Definition
- salts dissociate in solution into charged ions
- they are importnt for balance |
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Term
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Definition
- water moves between adjacent body compartments by this action
- it moves down gradient |
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Term
| 5 vital processes that have the potential to alter salt and water balance |
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Definition
1. breathing
2. cellular respiration
3. temperature regulation
4. elimination of wastes
5. food intake |
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Term
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Definition
| - total concentration of dissolved solute molecules/liter |
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Term
| water moves by osmosis in what directon? |
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Definition
| it moves from areas of low osmolarity to high osmolarity |
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Term
| osmoregulation in freshwater fish |
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Definition
- gain water when ventilating gills
- kidneys produce copious dilute urine
- specialized gill epithelial cells transport Na+ and Cl- from water into fish's capillaries |
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Term
| osmoregulation in saltwater fish |
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Definition
- lose water across gills
- produce very little urine
- drink seawater to replace water lost
- expend energy to transport excess salt out of body through gill epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
- organ acts like a filter to remove water adn small solutes from blood while leaving behind blood cells and large solutes
- produces filtrate that is moved into excretory tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| - desirable material in filtrate is recaptured and returned to blood |
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Term
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Definition
| - additional solutes moved into filtrate by active transport mechaninsms |
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Term
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Definition
| - filtrate containing waste products and non-reabsorbed solutes released from the body |
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Term
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Definition
- found in platyhelminthes (flatworms)
- simplest filtration mechanism in invertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
- found in annelids
- pairs located in each body segment
- tubular network beginning in funnel- like structure called nephrostome
- collect coelomic fluid containing nitrugenous wastes, other dissolved solutes |
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Term
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Definition
- found in insects
- not a filtration system
- tubules exten from the intestine
- creates osmotic gradient drawing water into tubule |
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Term
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Definition
- specialized tubules composed of epithelial cells that actively transport sodium and other ions for salt and water homeostasis adn nitrogenous aste elimination
- functional unit of kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| - cluster of interconnected, fenestrated capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
- renal corpuscle
- tubule |
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Term
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Definition
| - performs secretion and reabsorption |
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Term
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Definition
- increases water retention
- released when activation of stretch receptors in heart artia is reduced |
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Term
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
- also increases water retention
- released by pituitary gland in conditions of low blood volume |
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Term
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Definition
- offspring are produced from a single parent without the fusion of gametes
- offspring are genetically, clones of parents |
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Term
| 2 forms of asexual reproduction |
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Definition
1. budding
2. parthenogensis |
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Term
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Definition
| - portion of parent organism piches off to form complete new individual |
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Term
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Definition
- development of offspring from unfertilized eggs
- some animals reproduce sexually or this way |
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Term
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Definition
| - production of a new individual by the joining of 2 haploid gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| - the union of a haploid egg and sperm to produce a diploid zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| - egg and sperm are usually released in close proximity; usually in aquatic environments |
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Term
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Definition
| - sperm deposited within female reproductive tract during copulation |
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Term
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Definition
| - embryo develops within the mother, derive nourishment from the mother |
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Term
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Definition
| - embryo develops inside an egg that is layed outside the mother |
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Term
| male genitalia consists of |
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Definition
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Term
| phases in menstrual cycle |
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Definition
1. proliferative phase
2. secretory phase |
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Term
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Definition
| - fertilized egg becomes an organism with physiological systems and body parts |
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Term
| 5 general stages of embryonic development |
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Definition
1. fertilization
2. cleavage divisions
3. gastrulation
4. neurulation
5. organogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| - repeated cell cycles without cell growth |
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Term
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Definition
| - cells within blastocyst move to form gastrula with 3 distinct layers |
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Term
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Definition
1. endoderm
2. mesoderm
3. ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| - assemblage of many population of different species that live in the same place at same time |
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Term
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Definition
| - assemblage of many population of different species that live in the same place at same time |
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Term
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Definition
| - assemblage of many population of different species that live in the same place at same time |
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Term
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Definition
| - number of species present in a community |
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Term
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Definition
| - gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure over time |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - an epithelial sheet bends inward to form a pocket |
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Term
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Definition
| - cells leave an epithelial sheet by transforming from epithelial cells into freely migrating cells |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue sheet rolls inward to form an underlying layer via bulk movement of a tissue layer |
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