Term
|
Definition
| incoming stimuli converted into neural signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conscious awareness of sensations |
|
|
Term
| What does sensory receptor do? |
|
Definition
| Recognizes stimulus and initiates signal transduction by creating graded potentials |
|
|
Term
| What happens when there's a strong stimulus? |
|
Definition
| It depolarize the membrane to the threshold potential and produce an action potential in a sensory neuron |
|
|
Term
| ___________________ is directly related to intensity of stimulus |
|
Definition
| amount of cell membrane depolarization |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of receptor? |
|
Definition
| mechanoreceptor, electromagnetic receptor, chemoreceptor, nociceptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transducer mechanical energy; some are neurons, others are epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Electromagnetic receptors |
|
Definition
| detect radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of electromagnetic receptors? |
|
Definition
| Photoreceptor, thermoreceptor, ultraviolet receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to specific chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to extremes of heat, cold, and pressure, as well as to certain molecules such as acids |
|
|
Term
| What triggers the opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
| Physically touching or deforming a mechanoreceptor cell |
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of the function of stretch receptors? |
|
Definition
1)stretching of stomach wall - interpreted as fullness
2)stretching in blood vessels - blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| How do hair cells trigger the opening and closing of ion channels? |
|
Definition
| Bending of cilia in hair cells cause the opening or closing of ion channels |
|
|
Term
| What are the three mechanosensory systems? |
|
Definition
| skin receptors, lateral line system, audition(hearing) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of skin receptors? |
|
Definition
| Meissner's corpuscles & Pacinian corpuscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sense touch and light pressure
- lie just beneath skin surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- respond to deep pressure and vibration
- located much deeper beneath the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hair cells detect changes in water currents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distance from the peak of one sound wave to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of complete waves in a second (Hz) |
|
|
Term
| How is mamalian ear divided into 3 parts? |
|
Definition
| outer ear, middle ear, inner ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain equilibrium, balance, and proprioception |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Eustachain tube? |
|
Definition
| equalizes pressure between middle ear and atmospheric pressure |
|
|
Term
| What does Organ of Corti do? |
|
Definition
| It transduces mechanical forces into electrical signals |
|
|
Term
| What is equilibrium/proprioception? |
|
Definition
| ability to sense the position, orientation, and movement of the body |
|
|
Term
| ___________ in aquatic invertebrates send positional information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| senses horizontal movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| senses vertical acceleration |
|
|
Term
| _________________ detect motion in 3 dimensions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Detection of radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of electromagnetic sensing? |
|
Definition
1)fish detect electrical signals from other fish
2)homing pigeons use magnetite to accurately navigate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Photoreceptors detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other light source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of both a particle and a wave |
|
|
Term
| How does a planaria detect light? |
|
Definition
| Its eyecup containing endings of photoreceptor cells detects presence or absence of light |
|
|
Term
| What kind of organisms have single lens eyes? |
|
Definition
| invertebrates, mollusks, snails, and annelids |
|
|
Term
| Arrange these in order from outside to inside; iris, sclera, retina, lens, cornea |
|
Definition
| sclera-cornea-iris-lens-retina |
|
|
Term
| What are receptor cells in the human eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which one is sensitive to low intensity light? Rods or cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ detect color, and require more light for stimulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the rod cell structure. |
|
Definition
| Outer segment contains pigment, while inner segment contains nucleus and other organelles. |
|
|
Term
| Retinal is derivative of ____________ that absorbs light energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some types of opsin? |
|
Definition
| rhodopsin and cone pigments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are taste buds located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main functions of skeleton? |
|
Definition
| support, protection, and locomotion |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of skeleton? |
|
Definition
| hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water-filled cavity surrounded by muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| external skeleton surrounding and protecting body |
|
|
Term
| What kind of organisms have endoskeletons? |
|
Definition
| sponges, echinoderms, and vertebrates |
|
|
Term
| How is vertebrate skeleton divided? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of joint? |
|
Definition
| pivot joints, hinge joints, ball-and-socket joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed where 2 or more bones come together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a grouping of contractile cells bound together by connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| __________ link bones to skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are involved in lever systems? |
|
Definition
| muscles, bones, and joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parallel-arranged long protein fibers contained in skeletal muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| Each myofibril is composed of a series of ______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are filaments in sarcomeres arranged? |
|
Definition
| contractile (striated pattern) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor neuron's axon and muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| What kind of channel is ACh receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two basic types of transport systems? |
|
Definition
| gastrovascular cavities and circulatory systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body cavity with a single opening to the outside |
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of circulatory systems? |
|
Definition
| transport fluid, blood vessels, and one or more pumps (heart) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of organisms have open circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| arthropods and some mollusks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Vessels connected to heart open into animal's body cavity
2)Fluid in vessels and interstitial fluid are the same |
|
|
Term
| What system is used for gas exchange in open circulatory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the limitation of open circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| hemolymph can't be leectively directed to different tissues/areas of the body |
|
|
Term
| What kind of organisms have closed circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| annedlis, cephalopods, and all vertebrates |
|
|
Term
| Closed Circulatory System |
|
Definition
1)blood and interstitial fluid are physically separated
2)allows larger, active animals to pump blood under high pressure |
|
|
Term
| What are the common features of closed circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| blood and contractile,muscular hearts |
|
|
Term
| What are the two common features of circulation? |
|
Definition
| single and double circulation |
|
|
Term
| What animals have single circulation? |
|
Definition
| annelids, fish, cephalopods |
|
|
Term
| What kind of animals have double circulation? |
|
Definition
| crocodiles, birds, and mammals |
|
|
Term
| What is the major advantage of double circulation? |
|
Definition
| high pressure circulation to two different systems |
|
|
Term
| How do amphibians and reptiles obtain oxygen and get rid of CO2? |
|
Definition
| They rely on lungs, and have highly permeable skin |
|
|
Term
| What is distinct about atria and ventricles of amphibians/reptiles? |
|
Definition
| Both atria dump into single ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What separates atria and ventricles of the mammalian heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sinoatrial node (SA node) |
|
Definition
| pacemaker; collection of modified cardiac cells that spontaneously and rhythmically generate action potentials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| events that produce a single heartbeat |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 phases in cardiac cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atria contract and ventricles fill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart |
|
|
Term
| When is systemic blood pressure lowest and highest in cardiac cycle? |
|
Definition
diastole - lowest
systole - highest |
|
|
Term
| What are the four prominent components of vertebrate blood? |
|
Definition
| plasma, erythrocytes, platelets/thrombocytes, leukocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water and solutes, functions in buffering, water balance, and transport |
|
|
Term
| What does plasma contain? |
|
Definition
| dissolved proteins, gases, minerals, nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red blood cells, transport oxygen using hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thrombocytes, role in formation of blood clots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white blood cells, defend body against infection and disease |
|
|
Term
| _________ conduct blood away from the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is the key factor in blood pressure regulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the smallest, narrowest, and thinnest walled vessels in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of vessels are the site of gas and nutrient/waste exchange? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have openings, allowing for movement of considerable water and small solutes through the walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have smooth walls, permitting less water and solute movement |
|
|
Term
| Capillary networks drain into ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of respiration? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary respiration and internal respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between the air and blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between blood and cells |
|
|
Term
| What percent of air composition is oxygen and nitrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the body surfaces of animals |
|
|
Term
| What are the limitations of external gills? |
|
Definition
1)They're unprotected and subject to damage.
2)Their appearance and motion may attract predators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covers fish gills to protect them |
|
|
Term
| Blood in ___________ flows in opposite direction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Afferent and efferent vessels carry what kind of blood? |
|
Definition
afferent; oxygen-poor blood
efferent; oxygen-rich blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of insect tracheae? |
|
Definition
| It's where oxygen diffusion occurs. |
|
|
Term
| How is trachea efficient in insects? |
|
Definition
| It supports insect flight muscles with highest metabolic rate known |
|
|
Term
| How are lungs in archnids different than others? |
|
Definition
| Archnids have book lungs that are more like gills |
|
|
