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| italian resurgence 19th C - recalling glories of ancient times and Renaissance - embodiment of idea of Italian ntl and liberal state - stimulated by Fr Rev, Nap; prmoted by Carbonari and Mazz's Young Italy |
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| kind and head of house of savoy - heir to charles albert (lead 2 attacks on Austrian occup of Lombardy & Venetia after granting liberal consitit willingly) - ruled from 1849 on and appoiinted a very capable PM - shrewd politican - supported Cavour and became Italian King in 1861 |
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very patriotic italian family - rulers of sardinia, aspired to rule italy - Albert & Emmanuel from savoy
territory was part of french italian deal made with Nap for help against Austria |
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| island + NW italian plain - governed by savoy - liberal consitit in 1848 - led unification movement - fought in Crimean war |
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| fanatical italian republican - attempted to assassinate Nap III in 1858 b/c too slow in making up mind to help SP against Austria |
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1150 red shirt followers who said from SP to Sicily to overthrow government of Kingdom of Two Sicilies/Naples - covert approval of Cavour
Garbaldi sometimes = sword of unification |
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1854-1856 - Russia vs Brit, Fr, Turkey, SP, and later Austria - fought over influence in Ottoman Emp and Balkans, protection of Christians, balance of power, access to Mediterr - rift btw Nap III and Nich I - Alex II sued for peace - resulting seriously weakened Russia and Austria
emergence of war journalists and start of nursing as a profession |
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| Fr 1852-1870 - in Crimean war for glory and b/c of resentment for Nich I - peace of paris brought prestige to his empire - restored pope after Mazz's Roman Republic of 1848 (favor of Catholics) - agree with Cavour at Plombieres to help SP against Austria - Bonaparte but not too distant from Italian Ancestry |
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| Piedmont + Fr vs. Asutria in Lombardy - Cavour's Plombieres ag with Nap III, provoked invasion of Aust troops to trigger Fr's involvement - fierce battles of Solferino and Magenta shook Nap's confidence - settlement of Villafranca (L -> P, but V = A) |
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| june 4 189 success for fr and pied, very bloody (origin of color) |
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| june 4 189 success for fr and pied, very bloody (origin of color) |
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| june 24 1859, fearful of hostile reaction by Fr catholics, concerned that piedmont would move on papal states and b/c prussians moving on rhine, Nap agreed to VILLAFRANCA settlement - cavour resigned on principal b/c Nap didnt fulfill promise |
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| unredeemed italy, trentino, trieste, istria (after VFA, Nice and SAvoy) where italians were most numerous but not under italian control |
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| german confederation of 1815 |
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| est after nap wars at congress of vienna, 300 states -> 100 -> 38, members remain sovereign, failed revolutions of 1848 followed by restoration of loose german confed - great econ and social changes occuring - zollverein & econ unity - ripe for unification - pop increase |
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| landowning class of Prussia from whom officer crops was selected for army, v. conservative and resistant to lib reforms, Bismark from class |
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| schleswid-holstein question |
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danes wanting to incorporate schleswid into state and denmark going through own consolidation
diet of german confederation called for war against denmark
bismarck wanted for prussia so deal with austria for joint austroprussian effort - prussia -> schl and austria -> hols |
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| conflict fought btw danes and combination of prussia and austria |
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| 1866 - austro prussian war provoked by bismarck - policy of isolating austria in order to achieve german unification under prussian domination - over occupaton and rights of passage |
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| 1866 - aka battle of konigratz - austrians def von moltke's prussian troops - use of needle gun and railroads, bismarck made peace quickly before involvement of other Euro powers |
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| end of seven weeks war, austria reliquished holstien to prussia and venetia to italy - german states who had sided with austria also penalized |
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| north german confederation |
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| after battle of sadowa, bismarck annexed hannover, Nassau, hesse-cassel, and Frankfurt in 1867 - end of german federal union and organization of n germ confed in wihch prussia outweighed 21 other german states - southern german states outside of union and formed no union of their own, most tied to prussia through zollverein and military alliance |
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| socialist leader in germany - unlike marxist, believed mostible to improve working class conditions through existing gov't |
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| aka ems telegram - liberal rev in spain left gov't there inviting leopold of hohenzollern to be a constit monarch - fr objections - hohenz declined - bismarck kused situation to further goals (edited telegram) |
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| spetember 2 1870 - fr defeated - nap surrendered and taken prisoner - sept 4 insurrection in paris and third republic proclaimed |
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| prussians and other germans laid siege to paris for four months - german rulers meet and bismarck arranged for German empire to be declared pm Jan 18 1871 from the hall of mirrors - bismarck = chancellor - 10 days later paris surrendered |
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may 10 1871 - indemnity of 5 billion gold francs to be paid - alsace and lorraine to germany - german military occupation until debt paid
(bismarck planting seeds for WWI) |
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| purssian parliament passed act in which bismarck admitted his high-handedness during constitutional struggles he had had with parliament in early 60s over taxes for milt expend - parliament legalized his action "ex post facto" after the fact -- liberalism withered away before nationalism |
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| prussian constitution of 1850 |
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| illiberal granted by FWIV after 1848/9 rev - within new empire, german states keep own constit - kaiser had legal control over foreign and military policy of all empire - thus german empire served as mechanism to magnify role of prussia, prus milt, and east elbian aristocracy in world affairs |
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| increasingly evident after 1848 - slavs in austrian emp wanting to maintain framework of empire in which there would be increasing local self government for nationalities to grow in |
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| hapsburg emperor of austria 1848-1916 - traditional, pro hapsburg rights - disliked change, liberalism, and progressivism - allied with catholics and the vatican - emphasized centralization and material progress |
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| 1867 - compromise between germans of austria-bohemia and magyars of hungary - worked to common disadvantage of slavs |
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| austrian negotiator of ausgleich of 1867 - commented that idea of compromise was that each people should thereafter govern its own barbarians in its own way |
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| 1855-1881 ruled - tsar during crimean war - took over from nich 1 - not liberal by nature but saw need for reform - eventually known as liberator tsar |
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| those in mid 19th c russia who saw need for reform based western models |
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| those in mid 19th c russia who believed russia had a special destiny of own which imitartion of W eur would only weaken or prevent |
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| russian peasants under serfdom - situation close to american slavery - used in ag and early factories - bought and sold by landowners - no rights |
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| nich I est this in his chancellory as a system of secret political police - not the first example of secret police in eur history, unparalleled for its arbitrary and inquisitorial methods |
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| peasant village assembly which took over administration of peasant land as collective property |
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| by imperial ukase in 1861, abolished serfdom done by Alex II - peasants legally free - land divided in half half to gentry and half to peasants |
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| redemption money/payments |
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| money owed by peasants to gentry for land given to them at emancipation - mir became for organizing payment of this |
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| alex II created in 1864 - system of provincial and district councils which were elected by various groups including peasants - education, med relief, public welfare, food supply, and roads in the area |
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| dissatisfied intelligentsia in 1860s, believed in nothing but science - cynical view of tsars and zemstvos - toured villages and fanned civil discontent |
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| socialist after 1848 came to believe that the true and natural future of socialism lay in russia because of the weakness in capitalism in russia and the existence of a kind of communal spirit (collectivism) |
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| more radical than herzen - anarchist who wrote "people's justice" and "catechism of a revolutionist" with neghaiev - said should sever all links with existing social order and live for revolution "everything which promotes success of the revolution is moral" |
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| secret terrorists society a la Bakunin - determined to assassinate tsar - also a threat to liberals - women included in ranks of movement - Alex II assassinated the day he issued the edict for a nationally elected commission by people's will - by assassinating the tsar, PW provoked heir and successor to suppress all reform movements |
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| participated in people's will assassination plot of alexII - executed along with other members |
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| after assassination of alex II, alexander III took over and abandoned father's ideas of a commission and reverted to brutal program of resistance to liberals and revolutionaries alike - peasant emancipation, zemstvos, and judicical reforms were allowed to continue |
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