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Consevation Ebio
2nd midterm
35
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/27/2009

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Term
Ecological Holocaust
Definition
E.O. Wilson "Diversity of Life", it is an extinction of an entire community.
Term
Example: Ecological Holocaust
Definition
Centinelan Ridge, Ecuador; "Centinelan extinction" an out of sight ecological hemorrhage involving species not even discovered yet. this makes it difficult to estimate extinction rate.
Term
Rifleshot
Definition
extinction involving a single species
Term
Example: Rifleshot
Definition
the extinction of the passenger pigeon due to over-exploitation
Term
Mass Extinctions
Definition
Largest, best known events are the end-permian and cretaceous-tertiary. There have been 6.
Term
Average rate of extinction
Definition
average extinction per year is 1.0-0.1 per million species and the average lifespan of a species is 10^6-10^7 years
Term
Human impact on rate of extinction
Definition
increasing rate of extinction to 2,000 times greater
Term
population: ecological
Definition
group of interacting individuals whose population dynamics are independent of other such groups
Term
population: genetic
Definition
group of interbreeding individuals with sufficient genetic exchange to prevent evolutionary divergence
Term
factors that put an individual at risk of extinction
Definition
rarity, environmental change, and conflict with humans
Term
Environmental change extinction: Example
Definition
Heath Hen wiped out by forest fires, because its population had become restricted in distribution
Term
deterministic population model
Definition
they behave precisely as described mathematically, with no chance elements (exponential, geometric, and logistic)
Term
Stochastic
Definition
a more realistic type of model, outcomes depend on chance occurrences, birth rates, death rates, immigration and emigration.
Term
demographic stochasticity
Definition
random variation in birth, death, and reproductive rates in small population
Term
environmental stachasticity
Definition
random variation in parameters that determine habitat quality (climate, nutrients, water availability)
Term
genetic stochasticity
Definition
random variation in the gene frequencies of a population due to a genetic drift, bottleneck, etc.
Term
metapopulation
Definition
patchily distributed population with occasional dispersal between patches. A "population of populations"
Term
classifications of metapopulations
Definition
Classic metspopulation, core-satellite metapopulation, patchy population, source-sink, non-equilibrium.
Term
Example: metapopulation
Definition
Bay checkerspot butterfly, pool frog and butterfly melitaea cinxia occur in disjunct habitat with frequent extinctions and recolonization
Term
Example of source-sink
Definition
morgan hill is source population of Bay Checkerspot Butterfly for outlying patches of serpentine soil
Term
PVA
Definition
the estimation of extinction probabilities by analyses that incorporate identifiable threats to population survival into models of extinction process
Term
three different kinds of PVA
Definition
Count-based, demographic, and spatially structured
Term
MVP
Definition
population needed for 95% chance of surviving for 100 years
Term
Successful PVAs
Definition
Eastern Barred Bandicoot and the grizzly bear
Term
effects of acid rain
Definition
an example is the effect on the Great Tits in Holland; they reproduced poorly due to shortage of calcium that they got from snails, whose population crashed due to acid rain
Term
chlorofluorocarbons
Definition
inert gases produced in large quantities by humans as refrigerants, aerosols in deodorants, etc.
Term
Bioconcentration
Definition
passive entry of chemicals into bodies of organisms following concentration gradients
Term
Bioaccumulation
Definition
accumulation of non-biodegradable chemical substances in animal tissue via both bioconcentration and ingestion to levels that are higher than in environment
Term
Biomagnification
Definition
increased concentration of persistent substances via consumption across multiple trophic levels
Term
fragmentation
Definition
process by which natural landscape broken up into small parcels of natural ecosystems isolated from each other in matrix of lands dominated by humans activities
Term
top down
Definition
control of organisms lower in trophic web by predation, herbivory of organisms higher in the trophic chain
Term
bottom-up
Definition
control as the resource/food-limitation by organisms lower in the trophic chain, which can influence length of food chains
Term
natural experiment on top-down effects
Definition
Lago Guri- was damned, forming isolated forest fragments, large predators gone and the density of rodents and monkeys increased and density of seedlings reduced.
Term
invasive species extinction example
Definition
brown tree snake caused extinction of 10 native birds in Guam ecosystem shift to spiders as main consumer
Term
replacement
Definition
substituting new ecosystem type
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