Term
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Definition
• Tropical rain forests
o Occupy only 7% of land
o Have more than 50% of species
o
• Coral reefs
o Only .2% of ocean floor
o Contain nearly a quarter of all marine species
o Great barrier reef
o Coral: extreme diversity at phylum level |
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Term
| Latitudinal Diversity Gradient |
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Definition
1. More solar energy in tropics
2. Warmer and more precipitation
3. More geologically stable
4. Predictable environment leads to intense interactions
5. Contiguous geography north and south of equator |
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Term
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Definition
| • Endemism: proportion of species in an area are endemic |
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Term
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Definition
| to a particular region, unique to that area |
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Term
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Definition
• 2 criteria:
1. Contain greater or equal to 1500 species of endemic vascular plants
2. Have lost at least 70% of original habitat
• We’re in the California Floristic Province |
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Term
| of focusing on one hotspot and not cold spots? |
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Definition
o Species richness
o Protect the rare
o Protect the ecologically or economically important? |
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Term
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Definition
o Core principles of economics with human behavior, rational self-interest, perfect knowledge, costs and benefits borne only be participants
o Market failures: Inefficient allocation of limited goods and services and unequal distribution of costs and benefits
o Externalities: factors external to market are not considered: hidden costs
o Cost-benefit analysis: evaluating proposed resource use/development, requires policies and legislation, ex: logging |
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Term
| Open-access resource: tragedy of the commons and scramble competition |
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Definition
o Averting: boundaries, rules, site-specific knowledge of resource, dedicated monitoring and rule enforcements
o Fixing: Total allowable catch, fishing rights, can sell and trade quotas |
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Term
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Definition
things we take and use directly by consuming or producing products with them
• Consumptive:
• Productive |
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Term
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Definition
o Enter the marketplace
o Part of GDP
o Most accessible/easiest to evaluate
o Wood products, Maine lobsters |
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Term
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Definition
o Used locally
o Not part of GDP
o Sustainable usage
o How much are deer worth: hunting licenses, how many deer were killed |
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Term
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Definition
| • Includes ecosystem services: clean water, carbon sequestration, waste treatment, recreation |
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Term
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Definition
potential to proved and economic benefit when used later
• Bioprospecting
• Amphibian skin compounds
• Shark steroid as antibiotic
• Plants for malaria and leukemia |
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Term
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Definition
| valuing existence of resource |
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Term
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Definition
| • Can override economic values: child labor, slavery, animal abuse |
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Term
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Definition
inherent right to exist
• Moral responsibility
• If we value one thing we should protect all of it |
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Term
| Mass extinctions: 5 historically |
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Definition
• Cambrian: 500 mya- 50% of animal species
• Devonian: 345 mya- 75% of all species
• Permian: 250 mya- 50% of all animal Families, 95% of all marine species
• Triassic: 180 mya- 80% of reptiles and 65% of all species
• Cretaceous: 65 mya- dinosoars, reptiles, many marine
o End of “age of reptiles” beginning of “age of mammals” |
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Term
| Background extinction rate |
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Definition
• General pattern despite mass extinctions
• Calculate: need to know when species appeared and when it disappeared
• Most lost after 1-10 million years, with 10 million species 1-10 species go extinct each year |
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Term
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Definition
• Species-area relationship
• S=CA^z where C=a and z=2.5
• Number of species increases as area increases
• Equation useful in predicting extinctions: |
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Term
| 6 threats to biodiversity: |
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Definition
1. Habitat loss: fragmentation, degredation
2. Exploitation
3. Invasive species
4. Global climate change
5. Disease
6. Environmental pollution |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which quality of a habitat for a given species is diminished |
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Term
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Definition
| Outright loss of habitat due to land conversion or when quality of habitat is too low to be useful for a given species |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a continuous habitat is reduces in area and divided into fragments |
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Term
| Identifying habitat for a species: |
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Definition
• Occurrence data
• Relative abundances:
Vital rates |
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Term
| MacArthur and Wilson 1967 |
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Definition
formulated hypothesis to explain why larger areas have more species, number of species represents an equilibrium
between colonization and extinction
Island biogeography theory |
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Term
| • Extinction on islands I ongoing, but rates depend on |
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Definition
1. Size of island
2. Number of species |
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Term
| • Colonization (immigration) is ongoing, but rates depend on |
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Definition
1. Size of island
2. Number of species
3. Proximity to mainland |
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Term
| Habitat fragmentation: “special” three important changes |
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Definition
1. Size: size of remaining patch decreases. Size reduction leads to reduced K, supports fewer individuals
2. Edge: greater amount of edge per area, center of patches closer to edge, edge:area ration increases
3. Isolation: can affect movements and segregate populations remaining in patches |
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Term
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Definition
| zone of influence that varies in width according to what is measure- the alteration of climatic features and biological processes |
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Term
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Definition
v• Physical: microclimate changes in light, temp, wind, humidity
• Biological: exotic or invasive plants, insects, and animals
• Synergistic: fire, hunting pressure: wild dogs using edge to see into fragmented pieces, eagles using fences , cowbirds |
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Term
| Isolation: barriers to movement |
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Definition
• Roads, Inhospitable habitat: clear cuts, urban, agricultural and Dams
• Reduce gene flow
• Reduce accessibility to resources
• Reduce movement between subpops
• Reduce potential for rescue effects
• Effect some species more: |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual loss of species due to reduction in size, edge effects, and isolation |
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Term
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Definition
| act of employing the greatest possible advantage |
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Term
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Definition
| exploitation to the point of diminishing returns |
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Term
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Definition
• Relies on density-dependent population dynamics
• Density-dependent: vital rates of a population depend on density of individuals in the population
• Caused by competition for a limiting resource |
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Term
| Maximum sustainable yield |
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Definition
• Greatest rate of removal of individuals that is sustainable
• Maintains the population size at a balance of maximum growth rate * many individuals
• Sustain the highest level of productivity (quickest rate of individuals produced)
• Harvest individuals that would normally be added to the population |
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Term
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Definition
• Accurate estimate of N
• Accurate reporting of harvest
• Carrying capacity is constant
• No time lag between N and K
• Age structure does not affect population growth rate
• Population growth rate does not have rapid thresholds |
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Term
| Proportional quotas assume: |
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Definition
• Accurate estimate of population size
• Accurate report on harvesting
• Extremely high rates, despite their stable attracting equilibrium, might still drive N to extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| introduced species that have become widely established and persist outside their own native range |
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Term
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Definition
• Generalists
• Associations with human activity
• Repeated introductions
• History of invasion elsewhere
• R-type species
• Vegetative/parthenogenic/hermaphroditic reproduction
• Broad diet
• Broad physiological tolerances
• Early sexual maturity |
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Term
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Definition
• Enemy release hypothesis: freedom from natural predators and diseases, absence of strong competition
• Novelty and open niches
• Disturbed areas |
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Term
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Definition
| • Transport, introduction, establishment, spread, impact, integration? |
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Term
| Deliberate introductions: |
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Definition
• agriculture and livestock
• ornamentals
• sport fish and game
• just for fun |
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Term
| Inadvertent introductions |
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Definition
• stowaways: agriculture, packing material, ballast water
• escapees: pets, house plants, zoos, gardens, research animals
• human parasites and pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
• Direct: predators, competition
• Indirect: brings new disease/parasites, alters community structure or habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| Lake eirie water snake was endangered, round goby fish was introduced, snake likes to eat it because of shape, snake grew a lot faster, grew bigger, had more offspring |
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Term
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Definition
• prevent introductions altogether: what species are compatible with environment, what are most mobile, where are the most likely entry points
• manual removal or killing
• chemical- pesticides
• biological- introduce predators/disease
o goats vs kudzu
o cane toad and austrailia
o mongoose and rats: were awake during different times |
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Term
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Definition
• methane and CO2 being relased from as permafrost decays
• warming oceans hold less CO2
• Warming causes increase in water vapor
• Melting ice caps lowers albedo and more radiation is absorbed |
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Term
| effects of climate change |
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Definition
Even if we stopped now it would get worse
Some places will get hotter, some colder
Sea level will rise
More extreme temperatures and weather events |
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Term
| Why species occur where they do: |
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Definition
• Physiological constraints: rainfall, temp, salinity
• Resource constraints: vegetation, prey, predator, competition
• Behaviors and seasonality: migrations |
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Term
| responses to climate change |
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Definition
• Physiological:
o Coral bleaching: symbiotic with algae and coral polyps, coral is damaged and algae is released, then it dies and breaks down
o TSD (temperature-dependent sex determination): develops characteristics by temperature, causes changes in sex ration |
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Term
| responses to climate change |
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Definition
• Physiological:
o Coral bleaching:
o TSD (temperature-dependent sex determination):
• Range shifts
o Latitudinal
o Elevation:
• Changes in phenology |
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Term
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Definition
o Coral bleaching: symbiotic with algae and coral polyps, coral is damaged and algae is released, then it dies and breaks down
o TSD (temperature-dependent sex determination): develops characteristics by temperature, causes changes in sex ration |
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Term
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Definition
o Latitudinal: species move pole-ward, but some are at their limits (artic fox, polar bears) and are going to have to compete (with red fox, hybridizing with grizzly)
o Elevation: move up mountain ranges, communities shift, but some already at their limit (pika) |
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Term
o Latitudinal: species move pole-ward, but some are at their limits (artic fox, polar bears) and are going to have to compete (with red fox, hybridizing with grizzly)
o Elevation: move up mountain ranges, communities shift, but some already at their limit (pika) |
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Definition
Phenology: the study of the timing of events in organism life histories
• Match-mismatch hypothesis: some species may be responding to climate faster or slower than their community, leading to a poor match between them and their resources of competitors |
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Term
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Definition
| success story: very low emissions now in US, but not all countries have regulations, can drift over ocean towards us |
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Term
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Definition
development of fertilizers: DDT
• Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring
• Biogmagnification
• Raptor decline
• Another success story after it was banned |
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Term
| It’s least concern as threat to biodiversity, why care? |
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Definition
| mostly affects domesticated animals |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that grows, feeds, and lives on or in another organism while contributing nothing to the survival of that organism |
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Term
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Definition
| pathological condition that results from parasites, stress, genetic defects |
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Term
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Definition
| capable of causing disease |
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Term
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Definition
• Mutation of parasite
• Jump to new host
• Introduction into a population
• Change in host density |
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Term
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Definition
o Density-dependent diseases: self-limiting, will not cause extinctions on their own
o Frequency-dependent diseases: infection rates increase with the frequency/proportion of infected individuals, can cause extinctions, STDs and when they have to come into contact |
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Term
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Definition
• Novel to populations
• Frequency-dependent
• Abiotic and biotic reservoirs
• Human commerce and movement
• Fungus |
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Term
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Definition
| the structural and functional variety of lifeforms at the genetic, species, and ecosystem level |
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Term
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Definition
| applied science of preserving earth's biodiversity |
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Term
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Definition
1. morphological species concept: describes as type based on physical appearance
2. biological species concept: populations of possibly interbreeding individuals
3. Phylogenetic species concept: shared genetic heritage |
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Term
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Definition
Pros: most practical
Cons: arbitrary species definition. ignores ancestry relatedness and evolution |
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Term
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Definition
Pros: objective
Cons: con't apply to asexual organisms, doesn't account for ancestry, can't diagnose species at hand |
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Term
|
Definition
Pros: accounts for ancestry, can apply to asexual organisms, can deal with hybrids
Cons: not diagnosable in had, lack clearly defined diagnostics for when to label something a species |
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Term
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Definition
# of species in an area
alpha= small, local
gamma= larger
beta=r/alpha |
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Term
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Definition
Shannon index
H'= - sum of( pi ln(pi))
pi= relative abundance of the ith species
low H' indicates low evennes |
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Term
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Definition
a source of energy
some level of trophic organization
interaction between/among species/ trophic levels |
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Term
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Definition
| sunlight, chemical/thermal |
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Term
|
Definition
primary producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
decomposers |
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Term
| 10% energy conserved up each level |
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Definition
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Term
| interactions among species |
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Definition
| mutualism, parasitism/predation, competition, neutral, comensalism, amanalism |
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Term
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Definition
Keystone: low abundance, large impact
Dominant: high abundance, large impact
Rare: low abundance, low impact
Common: high abundance, low impact |
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Term
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Definition
| co-founder of society for conservation biology |
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Term
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Definition
| formal debate on best use of nature and resource. father of preservationism, founder of the sierra club |
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Term
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Definition
| utilitarianis, efficiency and equity, us forest service with roosevelt |
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Term
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Definition
| holistic focus on ecosystem processes, combine science with ethics |
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Term
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Definition
| "silent spring" basis for environmental law |
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Term
| 3 guidelines for conservation bio |
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Definition
1. evolution is basis that unites all bio
2. ecological world is dynamic and often not at equilibrium
3. human presence must be included in conservation planning |
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Term
| soule's 4 ethical postulates |
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Definition
1. diversity of organisms is good
2. ecological complexity is good
3. evolution is good
4. biotic diversity has intrinsic value |
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