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Details Title: Concepts & Terms List 4 Description: Anthro 1, Richards Total Flash Cards: 53 Created: 10/23/2007 16:02:53	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term idiosyncratic variation sexual variation geographic variation age-related variation Definition idiosyncratic variation: variation between individuals sexual variation: bones differ between males and females, indicate gender behavioral differences (even in transsexuals) geographic variation: variation from place to place age-related variation: changes with age  Term paleodemography Definition how people died & how many people died in past populations  Term paleopathology Definition study of diseases in prehistory & transmission of diseases between populations Term enamel dentine Definition enamel: hard exterior of the tooth dentine: soft interior of the tooth herbivores have exposed dentine that gets worn away to expose enamel ridges enamel is glued to dentine by cementum teeth begin to grow at the tips/cusps as enamel  Term homodont Definition all the same kind of teeth Term heterodont Definition different teeth for different functions like humans  Term herbivore Definition their teeth have flat cusps for chewing ever-growing teeth with exposed dentine that gets worn away to expose enamel ridges  Term carnivore Definition their teeth have a single pointed cusps Term bunodont Definition simple molars found in apes  Term bilophodont Definition molar pattern in Old World monkeys Term C/P3 honing complex Definition gap (diastema) between lower canine and lower third sectorial premolar lower P3 has elongated sideways enamel to sharpen the upper canine  found in apes and monkeys, but not humans  Term sectorial premolar Definition first lower premolar in C/P3 honing complex, it has elongated enamel for honing the upper canine  Term diastema Definition gap between teeth large canines fit into the gap and can be honed  Term occlusal Definition Term deciduous adult Definition deciduous: baby teeth some people have multiple sets humans' deciduous teeth erupt later to allow breast-feeding   adult teeth teeth form (deposit enamel) at a known rate and can be used to predict a baby's age, but the pattern of eruption varies enamel hypoplasia (disruption in enamel formation) indicates trauma (illness, lack of milk, starvation, etc.) Term pelvis (pelvic girdle) Definition Term shoulder girdle Definition Term form and function Definition the reconstruction of behavior/appearance based on teeth relies on the observation that form is related to function teleological view: function is the reason for form  Term sutures Definition fibrous joints in the skull form in the membrane bone of the top part of the skull as ossification centers move towards each other, they leave sutures in between bones grow along sutures, allowing the brain to grow very quickly and in all directions if some sutures are closed, the brain will keep expanding in the direction of the unclosed sutures, causing an irregular skull shape Term articulation Definition Term mastication Definition chewing reduced force in humans compared to apes  Term temporalis m. Definition muscle attached to side of the head and top of the mandible Term masseter m. Definition muscle attached to zygomatic bone and mandible Term medial pterygoid m. Definition muscle attached to inside of skull, like a sling Term taphonomy Definition field studying what happens to an animal after death developed by Louis Benford, who collapsed the field of archaeology as it was then sequence involves the death of an organism; damage aboveground (eaten, trampled, moved by water); burial; damage by plant roots and acid, soil deposited on top compressing the bones; geological effects (fault lines, rivers); eventual fossilization (replacement of minerals with rock); exposure of fossil Term neontological/paleontological Definition Term Steno Principle of Superposition  Definition Steno: clergyman who studied shark anatomy argued that sharks encased in stone were encased before the stone solidified Law of Superposition: Steno's theory that rocks closer to the surface are younger than those below Steno suggested that rock layers were due to local flooding events  Term neptunism Definition Steno's theory of local flooding events expanded to theorize global flooding events Term stratigraphy Definition the study of rock layers over time Term strata Definition layers of rock/earth deposited at different times used in stratigraphy to determine how old the contents of a layer are  Term Smith Principle of Faunal Succession  Definition William Smith: British canal-builder who found fossils in rock layers Law of Faunal Succession: fossils occurred in layers of rock (strata) in the order in which they lived  Term lithostratigraphy Definition relative dating technique based on the sequence of the layers of earth differs by area  Term biostratigraphy Definition relative dating technique based on which animals are found in different layers of earth Term 14C dating Definition only good for dating organic material less than 50,000 years old (relatively recent) uses known half-life of carbon (5,730 years) as soon as an animal or plant dies, the carbon 14 accumulated in its body begins decaying to carbon 12  the ratio of carbon 14 to carbon 12 can be used to date a fossil  Term potassium-argon dating argon-argon dating  Definition can't date organic matter, requires volcanic matter a potassium-rich layer of ash from a volcanic explosion contains lots of potassium that slowly decays into argon, so more argon = older anything less than a million years old can't be dated this way argon-argon is a more refined technique for recent eruptions  Term fission-track dating Definition Term paleomagnetic dating Definition recently-developed relative dating technique based on the known times when the Earth's magnetic poles reversed alignment also uses biostratigraphy to get an idea of what time period the magnetic materials are from  Term electron spin resonance Definition Term half-life Definition the time it takes for half of the radioactive particles to decay used in absolute dating (such as carbon 14, potassium-argon, and argon-argon dating)  Term absolute dating Definition uses the decay of radioactive material Term relative dating Definition lithostratigraphy (layers of earth), biostratigraphy (succession of animals), paleomagnetic (Earth's magnetic poles flipping) Term tertiary Definition Term quaternary Definition Term Paleocene Definition Term Eocene Definition Term Oligocene Definition Term Miocene Definition Term Pliocene Definition Term Pleistocene Definition Term Holocene Definition Term era period epoch  Definition Term ossification centers Definition centers of bone formation that converge and eventually become bone 800 in a developing embryo, 400 by birth: this translates to 206 bones in an adult skeleton  skeleton develops from generalized tissue (mesochyme), which become cartilage and later bone Term Definition