Nursing's social policy statement

Four essential characteristics of nursing

human responses

theory application

nursing actions or interventions

outcomes

Beliefs

Values

ideas of what is most important in life

philosophy

set of precepts, beliefs, or principles that guide you

Nursing knowledge

aesthetics-the art of nursing

empirics-the science of nursing

personal knowledge-therapeutic use of self

eithics

socio-political knowledge

Theory

• an organized, systematic set of statements related to significant questions in a discipline
• a depiction of reality
• used to describe, predict, explain, prescribe relationships
• theory is the goal of scientific work

interdisciplinary theories

• systems theory
• maslow's hierarchy of needs
• developmental theories
  • erikson
  • piaget
  • kohlburg-moral development
  • freud
• cultural, social, family, etc

nursing theory

• provides guidance for how we approach nursing problems and how we care for patients
• provides the lens through which we see our patients
• provides the guide for how we assist patients to stay healty and regain health
• describes and prescribes nursing practice
• drives the questions and answers for nursing practice

nursing theory

• guides our assessments
• guides our interventions
• guides our patient teaching
• guides our communication with patients and colleagues

nursing phenomena

• the patient is a biopsychosocial-spiritual being
• the patient is a self-care agent
• the person-environment interaction is the focis of nursing care
• the focus of intervention it the patients environment
• environment is composed of energy fields
• nurses provide for self-care until the client is self-sufficient

nursing theory

helps us to understand how to care for patients

it means we are different from medicine and what the physician is doing with the patient. we provide a different perspective on care

grand theories

describe the nature of nursing

describe the goes of nursing care

concepts of the domain of nursing

who is the focus of nursing? the person, family, group, community, society

what is the envirionment?

what is health?

what is nursing?

Roy adaptation model

Sister Callista Roy

Physiological mode

Five needs                                 Five processes

• oxygenation                            senses
• elimination                             fluid & electrolyte
• nutrition                                 acid/base
• activity and rest                      endocrine function

Roy adaptation model

person: behaves purposefully, possesses intrinsic holism, strives to maintain integrity and to realize the need for relationships

health: a state of adaptation; a process of being and becoming whole

environment: internal and external stimuli

nursing: goal is to promote adaptation contributing to health, quality of life or dying with dignity

Roy adaptation model

four modes of adaptation

physiological

role function

interdependence

self concept

Betty Neuman

person: a physiological, psychological, socialcultural, developmental, and spiritual being, represented by central structure, lines of defense, and lines of resistance

health: wellness, a point on a continuum

environment: internal and external influences surrounding the person

nursing: concerned with all and potential stressors

Dorothea Orem

The self-care theory of nursing

person: a total being with universal, developmental needs and capable of continuous self-care

health: wholeness or integrity

environment: not defined

nursing: an art, a helping service.  Includes total compensatory and educative supportive care

Florence Nightingale

Nature alone heals

what nursing has to do, is put the patient in the best circumstances for nature to heal

goal of nursing:  manage the environment ot facilitate reparative processes

Leininger

Transcultural nursing

focuses on caring as the central concept in nursing

nurses focus on cultural care of clients

Martha Rogers

theory of unitary humans-as a whole, people cannot be reduced to parts

person evolves and co-exists with environment

nurses promote health of clients through humanistic care

focus is on the unitary human and environment

health: the evovling pattern of the whole

Margaret Newman

health as expanding consciousness-develop an understanding of life

the responsibility of the nurse is not to make people well, or to prevent their getting sick, but to assist people to recognize the power that is within them to move to higher levels of consciousness

the person: patterns

Jean Watson

The science of human caring

nursing: a human science; focus is the transpersonal caring relationshop

person: unique being with ability for transformation and transcendence

health: harmoney of spirit, body, mind, soul

caring: the essence of nursing

Caritas Processes

practicing loving kindness and equanimity for self and others-altruistic

being authentically present, enabling/honoring belief system and subjective world of self/other

culitivating ones own spriritual practices; going beyond self

developing and susutaining a helping/trusting authentic caring relationship

creative use of self and all ways of knowing/being/doing as part of caring process

engaging in teaching-learing experiences within context of caring relationships-attending to the whole person

creating healing environment at all levels -physical, not physcial, subtle environment

reverently andrespectfully assisting with basic needs

opening and attending to spritual, mysterious, existence dimentions of life-death-suffering

Gordon's functional health patterns

provides a systematic way for nurses to collect and organize data

enables nurse to evaluate human health and functioning

used to determine nursing care needs