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Portable Document Fomrat
This is a file developed by Adobe Systems in 1992. PDF captures formatting information from a variety of desktop publishing applications, making it possible to send formatted documents and have them appear on the recipient’s monitor or printer as they were intended. This is because a PDF will maintain the original fonts, images, graphics as well as the exact layout of the file.
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| A novel or improved idea, device, product, etc, or the development thereof |
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| A computer is a programmable machine. A computer responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and executes pre recorded instructions. |
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A computer. A computer that awaits and responds to requests for data.
Example: a DNS server awaits and responds to requests for urls to be translated to IP addresses |
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| A computer is a programmable machine. A computer responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and executes pre recorded instructions. |
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| ISP: Internet serice provider |
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Definition
An ISP is your gateway to the Internet and everything else you can do online; a company that provides subscribers access to the Internet.
ISP. Examples:Verizon, ATT, Comcast, Time Warner, Cox, |
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A computer that requests data stored on a server.
Example: When you type an address into your browser, your computer is the client and it sends the request to the DNS server. |
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A program that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to serve the files that form Web pages to users, in response to their request, which are forwarded by their computers’ HTTP clients.
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Dedicated computer and appliances may be referred to as a Web servers as well.
- Web servers are computers on the internet that deliver(store) web pages. Every web server has an IP address and possibly a domain.
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| A server that sits between a client application, such as a web browser, and a real server. It intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself. If not, it forwards the request ot the real server. |
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| The practice of using a network of remote servers from data centers all over the world hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer. |
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| Cloud server hosting is when hosting services are made available to customers on demand via the internet. Rather than being provided by a single server or virtual server, cloud server hosting services are provided by multiple connected servers that comprise a cloud. |
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| A program that handles all application operations between users and an organization’s backend business applications or databases. |
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| A single computer in a network reserved for serving the needs of the network. For example, some networks require that one computer be set aside to manage communications between all the other computers. |
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| A computer that manages one or more printers, and a network server is a computer that manages network traffic. |
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| A computer system that processes database queries. |
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A way of representing information using only two options, usually 0’s and 1’s.
Yes/No
True/False |
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| Small chunks of information that have been carefully formed from larger chunks of information. |
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| A set of rules and standards used to communicate between machines. |
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| HyperText Transfer Protocol - the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the internet. |
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HTML HyperText Markup Language) is the language in which the content and formatting of a web page are written. |
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| American Standard Code for Information Interchange. ASCII is the university recognized raw text format that any computer can understand. |
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| The principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers. |
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| A contraction of “Binary Digit.” A bit is the single unit of information in a computer typically represented as 0 or 1. |
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| To write code, or to write instructions telling the computer what to do. |
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Internet Engineering Task Force - Develops and promotes voluntary Internet standards and protocols, in particular the standards that comprise the Internet protocol suite. |
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| The Internet Society strives to make the world a better place. |
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| Uniform Resource Locator: An easy-to-remember address for calling a web page (like www.code.org). |
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DNS, TCP, IP, and Physical Internet
Code.org’s stack
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| Domain Server Name or Domain Name Service: The service that translates URLs to IP addresses. |
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| Transmission Control Protocol - Provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of stream of packets in the internet. TCP is tightly lightly linked with IP and usually seen as TCP/IP in writing. |
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| A number assigned to any item that is connected to the Internet. |
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| A device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two networks and are located at gateways. |
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| Time it takes for a bit to travel from its sender to its receiver. |
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| The number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. |
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| Transmission capacity measure by bit rate. |
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| A contraction of “Binary Digit.” A bit is the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1. |
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| A byte is a sequence of 8 bits processed as a single unit of information. |
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A byte is 8 bits since it was used to refer to groups of 8-bits that a
computer was processing. |
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| A problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding and optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible |
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| A data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compessed data |
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| Reducing information to a simpler form, to remove some details to focus on essential characteristics. It is typically possible to look at a system at many levels of abstraction, depending on how many detail is necessary to approach the challenge at hand. To simplify things pulling out specific differences to make one solution work for multiple problems. |
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File Sizes
Bytes, KB, MB, GB ,TB |
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Definition
| A byte is a sequence of 8 bits (enough to represent one alphanumeric character) processed as a single unit of information. A single letter or character would use one byte of memory (8 bits), two characters would use two bytes (16 bits). |
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Definition
| Put another way, a bit is either an ‘on’ or an ‘off’ which is processed by a computer processor, we represent ‘on’ as ‘1’ and ‘off’ as ‘0’. 8 bits are known as a byte, and it is bytes which are used to pass our information in its basic form - characters |
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Definition
A byte is a sequence of 8 bits (enough to represent one alphanumeric character) processed as a single unit of information. A single letter or character would use one byte of memory (8 bits), two characters would use two bytes (16 bits).
byte - A series of 8 binarybits that digitally represent a single character to the
computer. Example: 00000001 = 1 Learn more here.
kilobyte - Approximately 1,000 bytes. Learn more here.
megabyte - Approximately 1,000,000 bytes. Learn more here.
gigabyte - Approximately 1,000,000,000 bytes. Learn more here |
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Term
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Definition
DNS: Translates a URL into an IP address. Note that a DNS request still is conducted over TCP/IP
TCP: Breaks larger messages into multiple packets and ensures all packets are received and ordered correctly
IP: Assigns IP addresses to computers and routes packets of data to the correct address
The Physical Internet:copper wire, fiber, optic cable, radio waves, etc |
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Definition
| A computer that awaits and responds to requests for data. Example: a DNS server awaits and responds to requests for urls to be translated to IP addresses |
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Definition
| A computer that requests data stored on a server. Example: When you type an address into your browser, your computer is the client and it sends the requests to the DNS server. |
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| To save space, some information is thrown away. |
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The dimensions by which you can measure how many pixels are on a screen.
640 x 480. |
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| Data the describs data. For example, a digital image may include metadata that describes the size of the image, number of colors, or resolution |
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| Short for “picture element” it is the fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color of a larger image |
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| Hexadecimal Number System |
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| A number system consisting of 16 distinct symbols - 0-9 and A-F - which can occur in each place value. |
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| The RGB color model uses varying intensities of (R)ed, (G)reen, and (B)lue light are added together in to reproduce a broad array of colors |
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| A computation in which rows from a data set are grouped together and used to compute a single value of more significant meaning or measurement. Common aggregations include: Average, Sum, Max, Min, Count. A Summary Table, Calculation Area. |
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| (or irreversible compression) a data compression method that uses inexact approximations, discarding some data to represent the content. Most commonly seen in image formats like .jpg. |
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| In spreadsheet software, it is the name of the tool used to create summary tables |
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| A table that shows the results of aggregations performed data from a larger data set. |
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| A single value of either TRUE or FALSE. |
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| In programming, an expression that evaluates to TRUE or FALSE. |
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| A “hard” problem for a computer is one in which it cannot arrive at a solution in a reasonable amount of time |
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| A programming language designed by Sun Microsystems that can be integrated into standard HTML pages to add some dynamic features. |
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| An overarching term for the coding tasks involved in making a program respond to events by triggering functions |
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| On-screen objects, like buttons, images, text boxes, pull down menus, radio buttons, check boxes, screens and so on.Input Controls: checkboxes, radio buttons, dropdown lists, list boxes, buttons, toggles, text fields, date field |
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| Any valid unit of code that resolves to a value |
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| Any valid unit of code that resolves to a value |
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| The equality operator (sometimes read: “equal equal”) is used to compare two values, and returns to Boolean (true/false). Avoid confusion with the assignment operator “=” |
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| The common programming structure that implements “conditional statements” |
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Term
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| Dictates what portions of code can “see” or use a variable, typically derived from where the variable was first created. (See Global v. Local). |
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| Statements that only run under certain conditions |
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| A generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select, whether or not to run a certain block of statements |
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| A programming construct used to repeat a set of commands (loop) as long as (while) a boolean condition is true |
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| Any sequence of characters between quotation marks (ex: “hello”, “42”, “this is a string!”). |
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| An action that causes something to happen: click mouse, press a key, etc |
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| In JavaScript, an event triggered by pressing or releasing a key on the keyboard. For example: “keyup” and “keydown” are event types you can specify. Use event.key - from the “event” parameter of the onEvent callback function - to figure out which key was pressed |
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| An extra piece of information that you pass to the function to customize it for a specific need |
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Algorithm
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/algorithm |
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| A step-by-step list of intructions that allows you to complete a task |
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| Software that is intended to damage or disable computers, computer systems, and other software programs. |
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| A typical looping construct designed to make it easy to repeat a section of code using a counter variable. The loop combines the creation of a variable, a boolean looping condition, and an update to the variable in one statement |
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| A mathematical operation that returns the remainder after integer division. Example: 7 MOD 4 = 3 |
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| A description of the behavior of a command, function, library, API, etc. |
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A UI, user interface, element to use in HTML/JavaScript which acts as a digital canvas, allowing the programmer to draw on web pages, and manipulate pixels to draw basic shapes, figures and images.
In computer science and visualization, a canvas is a container that holds various drawing elements (lines, shapes, text, frames containing other elements, etc.). It takes its name from the canvas used in visual arts. |
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| A prediction made by Gordon Moore in 1965 that computing power will double every 1.2-2 years, it has remained more or less true ever since. |
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| A process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only authorized” parties can read it. |
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| When you attempt to decode a secret message without knowing all the specifics of the cipher, you are trying to “crack” the encryption. |
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| Used prevalently on the web, it allows for secure messages to be sent between parties without having to agree on, or share, a secret key. It uses an asymmetric encryption scheme in which the encryption key is made public, but the decryption key is kept private. |
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Definition
| Used in public key encryption, it is scheme in which the key to encrypt data is different from the key to decrypt. |
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| The action of doing something over and over again |
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An algorithm that performs encryption or decryption. In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. An alternative, less common term is encipherment. ... When using a cipher the original information is known as plaintext, and the encrypted form as ciphertext |
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| Ciphertext is encrypted text. Plaintext is what you have before encryption, and ciphertext is the encrypted result. The term cipher is sometimes used as a synonym for ciphertext, but it more properly means the method of encryption rather than the result |
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| A technique for encryption that shifts the alphabet by some number of characters |
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| Random Substitution Cipher |
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Definition
| An encryption technique that maps each letter of the alphabet to a randomly chosen other letters of the alphabet. |
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| A business/corporate term for one-page document that summarizes a large, topic or plan. |
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| A collection of routines, protocols, and commands to help a programmer create software applications. |
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| A collection of commands/functions, typically with a shared purpose.v |
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| A process that reverses encryption, taking a secret message and reproducing the original plain text. |
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| A piece of code that you can easily call over and over again. |
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