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| the oldest calculating device |
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| known as the first programmer |
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| did pioneering work in the field of artificial intelligence |
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| developed the C++ programming language |
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| invented the first mechanical calculating machine |
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| a sequence of bits used to encode a character in memory |
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| known as the father of modern computing |
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| developed the C programming language |
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| developed the logic system used by computers |
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| invented the Stepped Reckoner |
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| developed the COBOL programming language |
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| developed the audion, the first vacuum tube that could strengthen an electronic signal |
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| developed the punched card system |
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| the invention that was responsible for the third generation of computing |
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| one of two inventors of the integrated circuit |
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| developed the FORTRAN programming language |
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| one of three inventors of the transistor |
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| developed the BASIC programming language |
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| developed logarithms and the multiplication tables |
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| 1/1,000,000,000 of a second |
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| developed the Pascal programming language |
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| 1/1,000,000,000,000 of a second |
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| one of two inventors of the integrated circuit |
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| one of the two founders of Apple Computer, instigated the use of the mouse as an input device |
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| one of the two founders of Apple Computer |
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| developed the first electronic vacuum tube |
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| the invention that was responsible for the second generation of computing |
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| the invention that was responsible for the first generation of computing |
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| one of three inventors of the transistor |
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| one of three inventors of the transistor |
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| a finite sequence of effective statements that, when applied to a problem, will solve it |
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| programs designed for a specific use |
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| the part of the CPU that performs arithmetic operations and evaluates expressions |
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| assembly language (low-level language) |
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a computer language that allows words and symbols to be used in an
unsophisticated manner to accomplish simple tasks |
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| a digit, either 0 or 1, in the binary number system; program instructions are stored in memory using a sequence of binary digits |
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| a group of wires imprinted on a circuit board to facilitate communication between components of a computer |
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| a major hardware component that consists of the ALU and the control unit |
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| client/server relationship |
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| a means of describing the organization of computing resources in which one resource provides service to another resource |
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| a computer program that automatically converts instructions in a high-level language to machine language |
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| the part of the CPU that controls the operation of the rest of the computer |
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| the particular characters that are used to represent information in a form suitable for storage, processing, and communication |
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| to carry out the instructions of the program |
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| the physical computing machine and its support devices |
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| any programming language that uses words and symbols to make it relatively easy to read and write a program |
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| a device that provides information to the computer; typical devices are keyboards, disk drives, card readers, and tape drives |
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| any device that allows information to be transmitted to or from a computer |
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| the language used directly by the computer in all its calculations and processing |
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| memory contained in the computer |
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| CPU and main memory; hooked to an input device and an output device |
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| a large computer typically used by major companies and universities |
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| computer capable of fitting on a laptop or desktop, generally used by one person at a time |
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| small version of a mainframe computer; it’s usually used by several people at once |
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| device that connects a computer to a telephone system to transmit |
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| group of computers that are linked to share resources |
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| object program (object code |
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| the machine code version of the source program |
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| a large program that allows the user to communicate with the hardware and performs various management tasks |
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| a device that allows you to see the results of a program; usually a monitor or a printer |
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| a set of instructions that tells the machine (hardware) what to do |
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| formal language that computer scientists use to give instructions to a computer |
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| secondary (auxiliary) memory device |
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| an auxiliary device for memory, usually a disk or magnetic tape |
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| programs that make the machine (hardware) do something, such as word processing, database management, or games |
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| a program written by a programmer |
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| programs that allow users to write and execute other programs, including operating systems such as DOS |
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| a powerful desktop computer that uses microprocessor technology |
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| a method of putting values into memory locations |
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| A nonexecutable statement used to make a program more readable |
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| A formal description of the set of values that a variable can have |
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| A clear, unambiguous instruction that can be carried out. |
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| The basic unit of grammar in Java consisting of valid identifiers, library identifiers, reserved words, numbers, and/or characters, together with appropriate punctuation. |
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| Either a reserved word or a library identifier |
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| Words defined in standard Java libraries/classes |
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| The main part of a program |
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| a storage cell that can be accessed by address |
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| An independent unit that is part of a larger development. Can be a function or a class (set of functions and related data). |
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| In the case of a function, a description of data received, information returned, and task performed by a module. In the case of a class, a description of the attributes and behaviors |
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| – Holds much promise for the development of solutions to complex problems, it is not necessarily the easiest and most straight-forward way to learn to solve problems with a computer. |
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| programmer-supplied identifiers |
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| Words defined by the programmer |
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| – A stylized half-English, half-code language written in English but suggesting Java code |
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| – Words that have predefined meanings that cannot be changed |
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| The process of developing and maintaining large software systems |
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| software system life cycle |
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| The process of development, maintenance, and demise of a software system. Phases include analysis, design, coding, testing/verification, maintenance, and obsolescence. |
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| An object to which a program sends data for output to a device, normally the terminal screen. |
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| The process of repeatedly subdividing tasks into subtasks until each subtask is easily accomplished. |
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| An object data type used to represent a word or a line of text. |
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| – A graphic method of indicating the relationship between modules when designing the solution to a problem. |
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| The formal rules governing construction of valid statements |
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| A short program written to provide an answer to a specific program. |
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| A design methodology for solving a problem whereby you first state the problem and then proceed to subdivide the main task into major subtasks. Each subtask is then subdivided into smaller subtasks. This process is repeated until each remaining subtask is easily solved. |
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Definition
a memory location, referenced by an identifier, whose value can be
changed during a program; a variable can be thought of as a named location or cell in computer’s memory |
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Definition
| data type used to represent values that are true and/or false |
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| stores a very small integer value |
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| data type available in Java which is used to represent character data |
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| Values are used to represent real numbers |
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| – Supports a less precise representation of real numbers |
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Definition
| Values of this type are used to represent integers or whole numbers |
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| Supports a more precise representation (larger ranger) of integral numbers, at the cost of more computer memory. |
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| Represents a smaller range of integer values |
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| an assignment operation that performs a designated operation, such as addition, before storing the result of a variable |
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| data obtained by a program during its execution |
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| to entering values from the keyboard while the program is running |
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| code that is written using descriptive identifiers |
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| a phrase used to describe an interactive program with clear, easy-to-follow messages for the user |
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Definition
| an expression whose value is either true or false |
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| compound Boolean expression |
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Definition
| refers to the complete expression when logical connectives and negation are used to generate Boolean values |
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Definition
| used with the symbols { and } to group several statements as a unit |
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Definition
| the connection of 2 Boolean expressions using the logical operator && (AND), returning FALSE if at least one of the expressions is FALSE, or TRUE if they are both TRUE |
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Definition
| a structure that controls the flow of execution of program statements |
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Definition
| the choice used in a switch statement when listed values are not applicable |
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Definition
| the connection of 2 Boolean expressions using the logical operator || (OR), returning TRUE if at least one of the expressions is TRUE, or FALSE if they are both FALSE |
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Definition
| nested selection where additional if … else statements are used in the else option |
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| either logical connective (&&, ||) or negation (!) |
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Definition
| not able to exist at the same time; totally independent |
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Definition
| the use of the logical operator ! (NOT) with a Boolean expression, returning TRUE if the expression is FALSE and FALSE if the expression is TRUE |
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Definition
| selection statement use within another selection statement |
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| – an analysis of a program that attempts to verify the correctness of program results |
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Definition
| – an operator used for comparison of data items of the same type |
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Definition
| the state in which a program is protected against possible crashes from bad data and unexpected values |
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| a control statement that selects some particular logical path based on the value of an expression |
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Definition
| the process whereby a compound Boolean expression halts evaluation and returns the value of the first subexpression that evaluates to TRUE, in the case of ||, or FALSE, in the case of && |
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| simple Boolean expression |
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Definition
| an expression in which 2 numbers of variable values are compared using a single relational operator |
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| – a form by which a sequence of statements can be treated as a unit |
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| variable used for the purpose of summing successive values of some other variable |
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Definition
| variable that controls the number of times that the body of the loop is executed |
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Definition
| a variable used to count the number of times some process is completed |
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Definition
| – the process of examining data prior to its use in a program |
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Definition
| to decrease the value of a variable |
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| fixed repetition (iterated) loop |
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Definition
| – a loop used when it is known in advance the number of times a segment of code needs to be repeated |
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Definition
| a loop in which the controlling condition is not changed in such a manner as to allow the loop to terminate |
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Definition
| a loop as one of the statements in the body of another loop |
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| post-test (exit-controlled) loop |
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Definition
| a loop where the control condition is tested after the loop is executed; a do…while loop |
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Definition
| a condition that controls whether the body of the loop is executed before going through the loop |
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| pretest (entrance-controlled) loop |
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Definition
| loop where the control condition is tested before the loop is executed; while loop |
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Definition
| special value that indicates the end of a set of data or of a process |
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| – a repetition statement in which a loop control condition changes within the body of the loop |
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