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| a result of learning connections between differency events. eg gambling |
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| a stimulus that can reflexively elicit a response |
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| a response relfexively elicited by an unconditioned stimulus |
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| a stimulus that, after conditioning, is able to elicit a nonreflexive response |
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| a response that, after conditioning, is elicited by a conditioned stimulus. |
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| the period during which an organism is learning the association of the stimuli |
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| the process by which classical conditioning is unlearned |
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| after extinction, when the UCS elicits a weak CR |
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| the tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit the CR |
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| second-order conditioning |
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Definition
| a neutral stimulus is paired with a CS rather than an UCS. Stage 1 is a regular clasical conditioning. Stage 2 presents a new UCS just before presenting the CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| two neutral stimuli are paired together and then on the of the neutral stimuli is paired with an UCS. Pair a flash of light and the bell. Then pair the bell with food. Eventually the light will be associated with food, too even without the bell. |
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| based on learning the relationship between one's actions and their consequences |
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| proposed by Thorndike that says if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit the same response in the future. |
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| the probability that the desired response will be performed is increased by giving the organism something it wants (reward) whenever it makes the desired response. |
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| the probability that the desired response be performed is increased by taking away or preventing something undesirable whenever the desired response is made |
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| a type of negative reinforcement in which the behavior removes something undesirable |
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| a type of negative reinforcement in which the organism gets a warning that an aversive stimulus will soon occur, and the appropriate response completely avoids the aversive stimulus. |
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Definition
| the probability that a response will be made is decreased by giving the organism something undesirable whenever the response is made. |
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| a stimulus condition that indicates that the organism's behavior will have consequences. |
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| a behavior acquired while receiving only occasional reinforcement |
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| the organism receives reinforcement only after a fixed number of responses, eg after every five lever presses an animal gets nom nom |
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| the animal receives reinforcement after a varying number of responses. the most resistant to extinction and produces the most rapid response rate f |
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| the animal will be reinforced on the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement. |
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| the animal will be reinforced for the first response made after a variable amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement. |
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| a form of therapy that forces the client to directly experience the feared object (the CS) |
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| a type of therapy that forces the client to imagine the feared object (CS) |
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| systematic desensitization |
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| a type of therapy that forces the client to imagine the feared object (CS) while trying to ensure that the client stays relaxed by using deep relaxation and an anxiety hierarchy |
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| a type of therapy that pairs a desired CS with an aversive UCS |
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| a general name for therapies that attempt to change the client's behavior by altering the consequences of the behavior |
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| a written agreement that explicitly states the consequences of certain acts; useful in resolving interpersonal conflicts |
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| removing the client from the potentially reinforcing situation before he can receive reinforcement for the undesirable behavior |
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| using a more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity |
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| Problem solving (Thorndike) |
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Definition
| problem solving due to trial and error |
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| problem solving is insightful |
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| animals have mental maps of physical spaces |
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| observing others' behavior can affect your own behavior |
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| animals are prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli |
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| instinctual ways of behaving are able to override behaviors learned through operant conditioning. |
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| a form of helping behavior where the animal's intent is to benefit other animals at some cost to itself |
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| takes into account the number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce... altruism is problematic |
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| takes into account the number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce and the number of other relatives who live to reproductive age... altruism is not problematic |
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