1. at 30, begins life as peripatetic
2. known as a thaumaturge
3. befriends brigands and prostitutes
4. criticizes religious authorities
5. amasses a group of ardent followers
6. disrespects the Temple & the Priesthood
7. profanes the Sabbath; notorious Samaritan lover
8. frequents women of ill-repute & questionable ancestry
9. blasphemously calls God "Daddy" (Abba)
10. preaches social justice; interfered with the money-changers

Gospels

Epistles

A gospel is an account describing the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth. 

An epistle is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of people, usually an elegant and formal didactic letter.

Gnosticism

Demiurge

1. describes a collection of ancient religions that taught that people should shun the material world created by the demiurge and embrace the spiritual world.

1. demiurge - a subordinate deity, in some philosophies the creator of the universe

Marcion

1. Wealthy ship owner from Sinope
2. Son of a bishop; well educated
3. taught that God of Moses was "demiurge"
4. Jesus reveals a God of mercy and intended to overcome the demiurge.
5. Christian scriptures shouldn't include Jewish scriptures.
6. Created a single gospel from the canonical gospels
7. Rejected some of Paul's letters; his church was popular.

Christologies:

Arians

Monophysites

Nestorians

Orthodox

1. Arians say Jesus is just a man and not eternal.
2. Monophysites say he was of one divine and human nature and not just a man.
3. Nestorians say he had two separate natures (divine & human) but they are separate.
4. Orthodox say he is one person with divine & human natures.

1. The Council of Nicea was a council of Christian bishops convened in Nicaea in Bithynia by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325.The first effort to attain consensus in the church Its main accomplishments were settlement of the issue of the nature of the Son of God and his relationship to God the Father, the construction of the first part of the Creed of Nicaea, establishing uniform observance of the date of Easter, and promulgation of early canon law.

1. The Council of Chalcedon- issues persist; Nestorians & Monophysites challenge the orthodox belief; Christ has two natures, divine & human without confusion, but has only one will; Monophysites & Nestorians leave the Oikumene.

are synods of bishops which primarily decide upon dogmatic formulations, especially in the face of heresy. 

they also issue canonical legislation which governs the administration of the Church.

1. Rome - prince of church
2. Constantinople - capital of Christendom
3. Antioch - first place Christians are mentioned
4. Alexandria - archbiship of Africa
5. Jerusalem - bishop

Latin for, "and from the Son," equivalent to et filio, inserted by the third council of Toledo (a. d. 589) in the clause qui ex Patre procedit (who proceedeth from the Father) of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed (a. d. 381), which makes a creed state that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Son as well as from the Father. Hence, the doctrine itself (not admitted by the Eastern Church).

One of the main causes of the great Schism in 1054 between the eastern and western churches.

1. they travel to the Slavic lands in the 9th Century
2. Prince Vladimir of Kiev accepts Christianity as official faith in 987
3. Russia practices the Greek Rite - Moscow considered the third rung

1. Split between Eastern & Western churches
2. Result of bitter political and religious differences.

Iconoclasm

Iconography

Destruction of religious images. In Christianity and Islam, iconoclasm was based on the Mosaic prohibition against making graven images, which were associated with idolatry. The making of portraits of Christ and the saints was opposed in the early Christian church, but icons had become popular in Christian worship by the end of the 6th century, and defenders of icon worship emphasized the symbolic nature of the images. Opposition to icons by the Byzantine emperor Leo III in 726 led to the Iconoclastic Controversy, which continued in the Eastern church for more than a century before icons were again accepted. Statues and portraits of saints and religious figures were also common in the Western church, though some Protestant sects eventually rejected them. Islam still bans all icons, and iconoclasm has played a role in the conflicts between Muslims and Hindus in India.

apophatic

kataphatic

1. apophatic - of or relating to the belief that God can be known to humans only in terms of what He is not (such as `God is unknowable')
2. Kataphatic theology is the expressing of God or the divine through positive terminology. 

Theosis

Hesychasm

1. theosis - we are created in the image and likeness of God, but disfigured by sin. Jesus came to re-unite the image & likeness of God as the perfect Icon. We follow Him by free will and he leads us to fullness through the church.
2. hesychasm in tradition has been the process of retiring inward by ceasing to register the senses, in order to achieve an experiential knowledge of God 

The Holy Mystery

Eucharist

Communion

Transubstantiation

Liturgy

1.  the conversion of the substance of the Eucharistic elements into the body and blood of Christ at consecration, only the appearances of bread and wine still remaining.
2. a fixed set of ceremonies, words, etc., that are used during public worship in a religion

Monasticism

Name the six Monastic Orders

1. the way of life characteristic of monks or nuns, in which they withdraw entirely or in part from society to devote themselves to prayer, solitude, and contemplation.
2. Cistercians; Benedictines; Trappists; Franciscans; Society of Jesus; Jesuits

1. Disagreed with the church
2. Wrote 95 thesis statements and nail them on the door of Wittenberg church Oct 31, 1517.
3. Students translate them and use the printing press to spread them.
4. 1521 Diet of Worms, refuses to recant beliefs

1. Lawyer, classical scholar and renaissance "humanist"
2. Institutes of the Christian religion
3. God is absolute - sovereign - predestination
4. Calvin creates "reformed" churches

1. John Wesley
2. they were "methodical"
3. eventually Methodists diverge from Anglicanism
4. becomes a strong evangelical church
5. emphasizes freewill

Pietism

Anabaptists

1. Pietism - A reform movement in the German Lutheran Church during the 17th and 18th centuries, which strove to renew the devotional ideal in the Protestant religion.

1. Anabaptists - a Protestant movement in the 16th century that believed in the primacy of the Bible, baptised only believers, not infants, and believed in complete separation of church and state

1. found in Mecca; started in Arabia
2. supposed to have been a meteorite (white hot) cornerstone is where it landed
3. 360 gods on pedestals around the Kaaba in Mecca
4. depends on religion for its commerce
5. shrine founded by Ibrahim; near the well of ZamZam

Jihad

Ijihad

Greater Jihad

Lesser Jihad

1. struggle or effort; etymologically has nothing to do with "war"
2. individual reasoning
3. religious struggle
4. defense of the faith, with arms if necessary

Allah

Hubal

1. is the Arabic word for God = literally 'the God'
2. Hubal was a god worshipped in pre-Islamic Arabia, notably at the Kaaba in Mecca. His idol was a human figure, believed to control acts of divination, which was in the form of tossing arrows before the statue. The Moon God. 

1. Al'Uzzah
1. morning star; equated with Venus & Aphrodite, Goddess of fertility
2. Al Lat
1. "The Goddess"; the goddess of the underworld; equated with Athena; Mother of all goddesses
3. Al Manat
1. Death & time; equated with Nemesis; wife of Hubal.

1. monotheists
2. the Arabic person that believes in the one god and is waiting for him to speak in Arabic. 
3. They are not Christians or Jews.

1. Abdullah - father of Muhammad
2. Abu Talib - uncle of Muhammad, raised him
3. Abu Lahab - mentioned as going to hell, only person mentioned in Koran as going to hell
4. Abbas 
5. Hamzah

1. Reputation for judiciousness & honesty
2. Disgusted with injustice in Mecca, esp. the treatment of orphans & women
3. Influenced by Hanifas
4. Travels with mercantile caravans
5. Gains trust of wealthy widow, Khadidjah bint Khuwayld; marries her at age 25 - she is 40.

Mt Hira

Ramadan

Tawhid

Din al Fitrah

1. Mt Hira - the first revelation
2. Ramadan - you don't eat from sunup to sundown
3. Tawhid - central teaching of Islam; unity; God is One; there is one reality; God is just. Everything you do should be god centered.
4. Din al Fitrah - natural religion; all souls stood before God before birth - we all supposedly pre-existed; human nature is forgetfulness; god sent prophets speaking every language

Quran

Surah

Tafsir

Tawil

1. Quran - recitation; believed to be the direct word of god, so its untranslatable; compiled in Caliphate of Uthman; 114 Surahs divided into Aya(t)
2. Surah, a division of the Qur'an
3. Tafsir - commentary on the Quran- most commonly used; easiest to use
4. Tawil - interpretation of Quran; intuitive

1. things the prophet said and did - deals a lot with the law
2. Hadith "Qudsi" are hadiths where god speaks (not in the Koran) "holy"
3. Hadith are important in establishing the Sunnah, or practices of the prophet.

Nabis

Rasul

Al Insan

Ahl al Kitab

1. nabi - prophet in a general sense; they remind people of tawhid; there have been 124K Nabis; all ppl on earth have nabis.
2. rasul - "messenger" a certain kind of prophet; has a "book"; a dispensation bearing prophet
3. al insan - humankind; made of clay; god breathed life into us; humans are forgetful, ungrateful & self-destructive; humans are morally responsible.
4. Ahl al Kitab - people of the book; Jews & Christians;

Angels

Jinn/Jinni

Mahdi

1. Angels are made of pure light; can't sin; angels are messengers
2. Jinn/Jinni are made of "smokeless fire"; sort of like humans; more emotional than humans; they have a need of salvation.
3. Mahdi - in Islamic belief, a prophet or messiah who is expected to appear in the world sometime before it ends.

1. Shahaddah - the Witness
2. Salat - Prayer
3. Sawm - Ramadan fast
4. Zakat - purification, alms (2.5% of what you have)
5. Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca

Is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family of the House. The phrase "ahl al-bayt" (or "ahlul bayt") was used in Arabia before the advent of Islam to refer to one's clan, and would be adopted by the ruling family of a tribe.

Within the Islamic tradition, the term refers to the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Ahl al-Bayt are particularly important to Shia Muslims because Shias generally derive their hadiths from the Ahl-al-Bayt and their close associates.

Rashidun

Who were the rightly guided caliphs?

1. Means "the rightly guided caliphs"
2.  Abu Bakr - was a senior companion & the father in law of Muhammad.
3. Umar ibn Khattab
4. Uthman ibn Affan - his death is when the sunni & shia split.
5. Ali ibn Abi Talib - was the cousin & son in law of Muhammad. Was the first male who accepted Islam.

Battle of Siffin

Karbala

Battle of Ṣiffīn, (May–July 657 ce), series of negotiations and skirmishes during the first Muslim civil war (fitnah; 656–661), ending in the arbitration of Adhruḥ (February 658–January 659), which undermined the authority of ʿAlī as fourth caliph and prepared for the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty.

Husayn ibn Ali is killed at Karbala and the "shiite" era begins. 

Imamate 

How many are there?

1. Believe that the imam should come through Ali and Fatima. The title or position of an imam, or the period somebody spends as an imam.
2. There are 12. The last imam; in islamic belief, a prophet or messiah who is expected to appear in the world sometime before it ends.

Ali ibn Abi Talib

Husayn ibn Ali

Jafaar ibn Muhammad 

Ismail ibn Jafaar

Muhammad ibn Hassan

Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib was the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661. A son of Abu Talib, Ali was also the first male who accepted Islam.  Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib was the son of Ali ibn Abi Ṭalib and Fatimah Zahra and the younger brother of Hasan ibn Ali. 
Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad al-Sādiq was a descendant of Ali from his father's side and a descendant of Abu Bakr from his mother's side and was himself a prominent Muslim jurist. 
Isma‘il ibn Ja‘far was the eldest son of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, and he was the full-brother of Abdullah al-Aftah. Their mother, Fatima bint al-Hussain'l-Athram bin al-Hasan bin Ali, was the first wife of Ja'far al-Sadiq.
Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Mahdī ultimate savior of humankind and the final Imām of the Twelve Imams who will emerge with Isa (Jesus Christ) in order to fulfill their mission of bringing peace and justice to the world. 

Shia

Sunni

Shia (Shiites) - the Muslims of the branch of Islam comprising sects believing in Ali and the Imams as the only rightful successors of Muhammad and in the concealment and the messianic return of the last recognized Imam.

Sunni - the Muslims of the branch of Islam that adheres to the orthodox tradition and acknowledges the first four caliphs as rightful successors of Muhammad 

Zaydis 5ers

Ismailis 7ers

Imamis 12ers

1. Don't believe in the hidden imam; believe any descendant of Ali can be Imam; but merit is more important than lineage; today they live in Yemen.
2. Member of a branch of Shiite Muslims whose members believe that Ismail, son of the 6th imam, was the true 7th imam. Have 7 pillars - wilaya;tahara;salat;zakat;sawm;hajj;jihad
3. Largest group of Shiites; official religion of Iran; ruled my Ayatollahs 

Kharijite

Sunni Islam

1. A member of an Islamic religious group that began as an ultraconservative religious and political movement in 7th century Syria and spread to much of the Muslim world. It survives in a more moderate form mainly in North Africa.

2. People of the Tradition; ulamah make legal rulings; no imamate; 85 to 90% of all Muslims

1. Hanafi
2. Maliki
3. Shafa'i
4. Hanbali

Ummayads

Abbasids

1. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty, hailing from Mecca.

2. The Abbasid Caliphate, was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Prophet Muhammad. The Abbasid dynasty descended from the Prophet's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib.

3. These two are the two sunni majority.

Ottoman Empire

Moghul Empire

Shariah

Fiqh

Usul al fiqh

Faqih

1. shariah - a path to water; the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed; "sharia is only applicable to Muslims"; "under islamic law there is no separation of church and state."
2. fiqh - jurisprudence, a study of the law; means understanding, comprehension, knowledge, and jurisprudence in Islam.
3. Usul al fiqh - roots of jurisprudence
4. faqih - a jurist; an expert in matters of Islamic legal matters.

What is the "natural quran"?

What is the "recorded quran"?

Kalam

Bayt al Hikma

1. The human being
2. The book
3. kalam - discourse
4. bayt al hikma had a massive translation and science project

1. Revelation and reason are completely compatible.
2. They were rationalist.

1. Traditionalist
2. God is wholly other and is sovereign.
3. Reason is an inadequate guide.
4. God cannot be fathomed and is in no way bound by our experience.