Details Title: Comparative Politics Description: Final Terms Total Flash Cards: 67 Created: 07/30/2009 20:15:29		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional International Studies Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term market failure Definition when markets to not perform their expected functions Term effective demand Definition demand backed with money Term social policy Definition or welfare; primary goals reducing poverty and income inequality and stabilizing individual or family income Term universal entitlements Definition benefits that governments provide to all citizens, more or less equally, usually funded through general taxation Term social insurance Definition provides benefits to categories of people who have contributed to a public insurance fund Term means tested public assistance Definition food stamps, subsidized public housing: America's idea of welfare Term welfare states Definition different govts combine 3 types of programs in different ways Term social democratic welfare states Definition emphasize universal entitlements to achieve greater social equality and promote equal citizenship: high rate of taxation Term Christian democratic welfare states Definition emphasize income stabilization; social program or social insurance Term liberal welfare states Definition focus on preserving individual autonomy via market participation than with reducing poverty Term moral hazard Definition when someone does not bear the full consequences of his action in a transaction, gives him an incentive to overuse beneficial resource Term national health insurance Definition government mandates all citizens must have insurance Term national health system Definition government financed and managed system; all citizens pay through a separate system or general taxation Term market based private insurance system Definition rely on private insurance for the bulk of their health care Term tragedy of the commons Definition unregulated use of free goods like water, air, land Term sustainable development Definition economic development that can continue over long term Term risk assessment Definition what the risks of damaging outcomes are Term risk management Definition policy used to keep those risks at acceptable levels Term precautionary principle Definition emphasizes risk avoidance Term command and control policies Definition governments set very specific limits on many pollutants from many sources and inspect possible polluters Term cap and trade system Definition government sets an overall limit of how much of a pollutant is acceptable from an entire industry and issues pollutant vouchers to each company Term multiculturalism Definition belief that different cultures in society ought to be respected Term multicultural integration Definition accepts ethno-cultural identities matter to citizens, must be recognized within political institutions Term deliberative democracy Definition asks citizens not only to assume their rights and minimally participate through voting, but to engage actively in democratic discussions in effort to build a better society Term liberationist approach Definition seeks to transform gender and sexual norms to liberate everyone to express whatever sexual orientation or gender identity they wish Term comparative institutional advantage Definition different types of capitalist systems have different types of institutional advantages that they usually try to maintain Term convergence Definition the argument that globalization will force similar economic and social policies across countries Term coordinated market economies Definition capitalist economies in which firms, financiers, unions coordinate their actions via interlocking ownership and participation Term dual convergence Definition convergence of economic policies occurring within LMEs and CMEs Term export-oriented growth Definition development policy based on encouraging economic growth via exports of goods and services Term foreign direct investment Definition investment from abroad in productive activity in another country Term hyperglobalization Definition thesis that globalization is so powerful it will overwhelm the power of nation-states, forcing convergence of economic policies Term international capital flows Definition movements of capital in the form of money across international borders Term liberal market economies Definition countries that rely heavily on market relationships to govern economic activity Term Millennium development goals Definition targets established by the UN to reduce poverty and hunger, improve education and health and status of women Term trade Definition the flow of goods and services across borders Term transnational corporations Definition large firms that operate in multiple countries simultaneously Term varieties of capitalist approach Definition school of thought analyzing wealthy market economies that focuses primarily on business firms and how they are governed in terms of their interactions with governments Term cadre parties Definition parties that have a small membership of political elites who choose candidates and mobilize voters to support them Term closed-list proportional representation Definition electoral system in which each party presents a ranked list of candidates, voters vote for the party and the party is awarded seats in legislature based on the percentage of total votes Term collective action problems Definition the unwillingness of individuals to undertake political actions because they believe individual action has little or no effect Term dominant party system Definition party system in which multiple parties exist but one wins every election and governs continuously Term Duverger's Law Definition FPTP electoral systems will create 2 major political parties, eliminates smaller parties Term electoral systems Definition formal, legal mechanisms that translate votes into control over political offices and shares of political power Term "first past the post" (FPTP) Definition electoral system in which individual candidates are elected in single-member districts, the candidate with the most votes, but not necessarily the majority, wins Term Hindu nationalism Definition in India, a movement to define the country as primarily Hindu Term interest aggregation Definition the bringing together of a number of discrete interests into a coalition of a broadly shared interest, which enhances the power of individual votes by aggregating them and potentially overcomes the collective action dilemma Term interest group pluralism Definition an interest group system in which many groups exist to represent particular interests and the government remains neutral Term majoritarian systems Definition electoral systems in which, if no candidate wins an absolute majority, a second election is held between the top two candidates Term mass parties Definition parties that recruit as many members as possible to gain financial support, labor and votes Term mixed representation system Definition an electoral system that combines single-member district representation with overall proportionality in allocation of legislative seats to parties Term multiparty systems Definition party systems in which more than 2 parties could potentially win a national election and govern Term nongovernmental organizations Definition volunteer orgs, most commonly working to make countries more democratic or to provide assistance with development Term open-list proportional representation Definition electoral system with multiple candidates in each district; voters are presented with a list of candidates and vote for the individual candidate of their choice Term party system Definition the number of parties and each one's respective strength as an institution Term peak associations Definition orgs that bring together all interest groups in a particular sector to influence and negotiate agreements with the state Term plurality Definition the receipt of the most votes, but not the majority Term populism Definition a broad and charismatic appeal to poor people on the part of a leader to solve their problems via governmental largess Term proportional representation Definition electoral system in which seats in a legislature are apportioned on a purely proportional basis Term single, nontransferable vote Definition electoral system in which multiple seats exist in each legislative district but each voter only votes for one candidate Term single-member district Definition electoral system in which each geographical district elects a single representative to a legislature Term social capital Definition social networks and norms of reciprocity important for a strong civil society Term social movement Definition part of civil society, have a loosely defined organizational structure and represent people who have been outside the bounds of formal institutions Term social corporatism Definition corporatism that evolves historically and voluntarily Term state corporatism Definition corporatism mandated by the state; common in fascist regimes Term two and a half party system` Definition party system in which 2 large parties win the most votes but neither gains a majority, requires a third to join one of the major parties Term two party system Definition party system in which 2 parties are able to garner enough votes to win an election, though more may compete