Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of the significance of structure |
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|
Term
| Define comparative morphology |
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Definition
| Comparative approach to morphology - emphasizes functional and evolutionary aspects, formulate structural questions |
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Term
| What is a homocercal tail and what does it provide? |
|
Definition
| Both lobes of tail are same length - provides thrust |
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Term
| What is a heterocercal tail and what does it provide? |
|
Definition
| Lobes of tail are different lengths - provides thrust and lift |
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Term
| What are the historical contextual uses of comparative morphology? |
|
Definition
| Examining evolutionary events, classifying organisms, constructing evolutionary phylogenies |
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|
Term
| What are the non-historical contextual uses of comparative morphology? |
|
Definition
| Comparing effects of a drug on multiple species, extrapolate data to generate testable predictions for humans |
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|
Term
| Vertebrate design is primarily affected by what two things? |
|
Definition
| Evolutionary processes and structure |
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Term
| Briefly describe the three levels evolutionary theory can be debated at. |
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Definition
| Fact (do organisms change over time), course (what course did the evolution of a particular feature or organism follow?), and mechanism (what was/were the mechanisms that led to the evolution of a particular feature or organism) |
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Term
| Describe the main points of the natural selection mechanism. |
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Definition
| 1) All species increase exponentially, 2) All species are ultimately limited by competition for resources, 3) Intraspecies variation exists and is heritable, and 4) Variants producing disproportionately successful offspring are favored |
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Term
| What is the "conclusion" of natural selection? |
|
Definition
| Descent with modification results from the preservation of favorable characteristics by natural selection |
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Term
| What was the important IMPLIED part of Linnaen systematics? |
|
Definition
| Relatedness (evolutionarily) |
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Term
| What were the key flaws in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's evolutionary theory? |
|
Definition
| 1) Species move from simple to perfect, 2) Heritability of acquired characteristics |
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Term
| What mechanistic reason did Georges Cuvier have to support immutability? |
|
Definition
| "Coupling" - change one part and the organism fails |
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Term
| Why did Sir Richard Owens think function was important but insufficient to support mutability? |
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Definition
| 1) Organisms are based on taxanomic archetypes, 2) Superficial differences are functional adaptations |
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Term
| What two things do internal (morphological) factors do to natural selection? |
|
Definition
| Create opportunites and impose constraints |
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Term
|
Definition
| Shared ancestry (bird's wing and mole's arm) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Similar function (bird's wing, bee's wing) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Similar appearance (mimicry and camoflauge) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any plane passing through center divides animal into mirrored halves |
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Term
| Define bilateral symmetry |
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Definition
| Midsagittal plane divides body into two mirrored images |
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Term
| What are the body regions of vertebrates? |
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Definition
| Cranial (head - also either anterior or superior), caudal (tail - also posterior or inferior), ventral (belly/front), dorsal (back) |
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|
Term
| Define the basic anatomical planes |
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Definition
| Frontal (divides into dorsal and ventral), saggital (divides into left and right), and transvese (divides body into anterior and posterior) |
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Term
| What is the name given to repeated segments in a vertebrate body? |
|
Definition
| Metameres (or just segments) |
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Term
| Give an example of vertebrate metameres |
|
Definition
| The vertebral column, and lateral body muscles in fish |
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Term
| What are the key features of a hydrostatic skeleton? |
|
Definition
| No rigid skeleton, only requires 2 sets of muscles (circular and longitudinal), and local movements affect whole body |
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Term
|
Definition
| A structure or behavior possesses a necessary function before the biological role arises that it eventually serves |
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Term
| What is an example of preadaptation (needs only be similar to the answer on flash card) |
|
Definition
| Early feathered reptiles - flightless - feathers as insulatory material. Aerodynamic properties of feathers became important later |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bilateria (bilateral symmetry), coelomates (have a coelom), deuterostomes (deuterostomic development) |
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Term
| Nearly all chordates are also: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define protostomic development: |
|
Definition
| Mouth develops from blastopore |
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|
Term
| Define deutorostomic development: |
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Definition
| Anus develops from blastopore |
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|
Term
| What are the five shared anatomical characteristics of chordates? |
|
Definition
| Notochord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle/thyroid gland, dorsal hollow nerve chord, postanal tail |
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Term
| What is the role of the notochord? |
|
Definition
| Originally locomotion, now induces growth of neural tube and serves as a "scaffold" for growth of body in embryos, nucleus pulposus in adults |
|
|
Term
| What are pharyngeal slits? |
|
Definition
| Exit channel for water in aquatic vertebrates, no adult derivative in terrestrial vertebrates - NOT gill slits |
|
|
Term
| Both endostyles and thyroid glands form from where? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Both endostyles and thyroid glands are involved in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the usual composition and role of the postanal tail? |
|
Definition
| Made up of muscle segments, vertebral segments, notochord; role is usually locomotion (swimming/balance) |
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|
Term
| What is the molecular-level shared character of chordates? |
|
Definition
| Dorsoventral patterning - regulated by Hox genes (chordate bod plan inverted relative to all other animals) |
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Term
| How do hemichordates differ from true chordates? |
|
Definition
| No notochord, "not quite" endostyle, no DH nerve cord, "not quite" postanal tail |
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Term
| Name a peculiar defining feature of pterobranchians |
|
Definition
| Both anus and mouth near the surface |
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Term
| What group most strongly resembles the earliest chordates? |
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Definition
| Cephalochordates (lancelets) |
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Term
| What are the ancestral tetrapod characters? |
|
Definition
| Backbone, skull, jaws, paired appendages, paired lungs, bony scales, lateral line system, labyrinthodont teeth |
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Term
| What is the major common character of tetrapods? |
|
Definition
| Chiridium - muscular limb with well-defined joints and digits |
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Term
| What rhipidistian (aquatic tetrapod ancestors) charactes did EARLY labyrinthodonts possess? |
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Definition
| Radial fins supporting tail fin, lateral line system, unconstricted notochord, inter-cranial joint, bronchial arches, labyrinthodont teeth |
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Term
| What tetrapod characters did EARLY labyrinthodonts possess? |
|
Definition
| Tetrapod-like skull, limbs with digits, weight-bearing pelvic and pectoral girdles |
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Term
| What derived characters did LATER labyrinthodonts possess/lose? |
|
Definition
| 5-toed feet, stronger pelvic girdles, no lateral lines in adults, no connection between skull and pectoral girdle, no internal gills |
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Term
| What are the two groups of amphibians? |
|
Definition
| Lepospondyls (extinct in permian) and lissamphibia (modern amphibians) |
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Term
| Name two important distinguishing characters of amphibians |
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Definition
| Adults lack lateral lines, teeth lack labyrinthodont folding |
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Term
| Which genus of lissamphibia (amphibians) are limbless? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Which genus of lissamphibia (amphibians) have no eardum and undergo mild metamorphosis? |
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Definition
| Urodela (newts and salamanders) |
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Term
| Which genus of lissamphibia (amphibians) have no tail and undergo radical metamorphosis? |
|
Definition
| Salienta (frogs and toads) |
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Term
| What are the developmental features of amniotes? |
|
Definition
| Embryo enveloped in fluid-filled membrane (amnion), which is usually enveloped by a shelled egg (either leathery or calcareous) |
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Term
| What are the two major lineages of amniotes? |
|
Definition
| Sauropsids (birds, dinosaurs, reptiles) and Synapsids (therapsids, mammals) |
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Term
| What are the two ways the temporal region of skulls vary across tetrapods? |
|
Definition
| # of openings (temporal fenestrae) and position of temporal arches/bars |
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Term
| What are the four major types of tetrapod skulls? |
|
Definition
| Anapsid (no openings), Synapsid (one opening bordered above by temporal bar), Diapsid (two pairs of openings - separated by temporal bar), and Euryapsid (one opening bordered below by temporal bar) |
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Term
| What two monophyletic clades compose Reptilia? |
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Definition
| Parareptilia (turtles + relatives) and Eureptilia (dinosaurs, ichthyosaurs, lizards, snakes, crocs, and birds) |
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Term
| List some defining features of the Parareptilia clade |
|
Definition
| Anapsids, eardrum supported by lower jaw, dorsal carapace (expanded ribs + surface skin plates), and ventral plastron (fused bone) |
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Term
| What are the three main groups of the Eureptilia clade? |
|
Definition
| Euryapsida (euryapsids, paddle-like limbs), Lepidosauria (ancestrally diapsid, increased jaw motility, enhanced prey capture - includes snakes), Archosauromorpha (diapsid +, trend toward bipedalism) |
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Term
| What are the three types of Archosauromorphs? |
|
Definition
| Crocodylomorpha, Pterosaurs, and Dinosauria |
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Term
| What are the three main types of Dinosauria? |
|
Definition
| Ornithischia (stegosaurus, etc, teeth for chewing plant matl), Saurischia (Theropods - bipedal carnivores), and Aves (birds) |
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Term
| What is the general consensus on the relationship between birds and dinosaurs? |
|
Definition
| Birds are *probably* descended from an Archosaur that *may* have been a Theropod |
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Term
| What are the four key shared derived features of birds? |
|
Definition
| Feathers, bone structure, fore-limbs (wing structure), unidirectional lungs |
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|
Term
| What kind of tetrapod skull type do mammalia possess? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 shared derived characters of mammals |
|
Definition
| Heterodont teeth (lost in monotremes), hair, and milk glands |
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|
Term
| What are the reproductive features of Monotremes? |
|
Definition
| 2 lateral vaginae, no nipples, 4-headed hemipenis, shelled eggs |
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Term
| What are the reproductive features of Marsupials? |
|
Definition
| 2 lateral vaginae, nipples, anterior scrotum, 2-headed (usually) penis, pouch (usually), live birth, short gestation, long lactation |
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Term
| What are the reproductive features of Eutherians? |
|
Definition
| Single vagina, nipples, posterior scrotum, simple penis, no pouch, live birth, long gestation, short lactation |
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Term
| What are two factors besides levers that alter output speed or force? |
|
Definition
| Muscle size or muscle fiber type |
|
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Term
| What is the artiodactyl "high and low gear" limb muscle design? |
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Definition
| Two muscles articulate the lower limb in the same way: one has a high mechanical advantage and favors acceleration, the other has a low mechanical advantage and favors sustaining high speed |
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Term
| What are the two major components of profile drag in water? |
|
Definition
| Friction drag (affected by velocity and surface properties) and Pressure drag ("flow separation") |
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Term
| Pressure drag creates natural selection for what kind of a body shape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A body moving through fluid separates that fluid into high and low speed components with the high speed component superior to the low speed component |
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Term
| What four physical characteristics affect dynamic fluid/body interactions? |
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Definition
| Density, size/shape of body, relative velocity, viscosity of fluid |
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|
Term
| What ultimately determines the buoyancy of any given object? |
|
Definition
| Density of object and density of fluid |
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Term
| What are the key differences between fatigue and load fractures? |
|
Definition
| Fatigue - due to prolonged use, cumulative effect of microfactures; Load - self-explanatory |
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Term
| What is the significance of bracing? |
|
Definition
| Reduces risk of load fractures |
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|
Term
| What is the significance of composite structuring in the event of a fracture? |
|
Definition
| Fractures are inhibited by composite structes - stop at the end of the material the fracture occurred in |
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Term
| What 4 types of influences affect basic shape of bone during life (aside from genetics)? |
|
Definition
| Infectious disease, nutrition, hormones, and mechanical stress |
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Term
| What is interesting about the internal design of long bones in relation to stress? |
|
Definition
| Forms are arranged post-birth intro trabeculae that follow stress trajectories |
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Term
| Biological diffusion usually involves either (3 things) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kinds of biological diffusion exist? |
|
Definition
| Concurrent, countercurrent, and crosscurrent |
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|
Term
| Light carries information about |
|
Definition
| Color, brightness, and direction |
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Term
| What are the trade-offs of eye position? |
|
Definition
| Lateral eyes maximize panoramic vision, binocular vision maximize depth perception |
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Term
|
Definition
| Constriction of the crystalline lens of the eye in order to focus an image on the retina |
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Term
| Biological accomodation is affected by (3 things) |
|
Definition
| Lens (adjustable), Cornea, and Refractive index of medium |
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|
Term
| What kinds of dermal bone exist in reptiles? |
|
Definition
| Osteoderms (bony plates beneath scales) and Gastralia (abdominal dermal bones) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Epidermal keratinized surface folds |
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|
Term
| What are the three stratified layers of the reptilian epidermis? |
|
Definition
| Stratum basale, Stratum granulosum, Stratum Corneum |
|
|
Term
| What are the key differences in molting strategies between turtles/crocodiles and lizards/snakes? |
|
Definition
| Turtles slough off skin (similar to mammals or birds); lizards duplicate inner and outer stratum, new layers push up under old |
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|
Term
| What are the similarities and differences between avian epidermi and reptilian? |
|
Definition
| Both have keratinized surface folds (scales), but birds lack derman bones and possess skin glands |
|
|
Term
| What is the term that refers to the way feathers are laid down in a regular arrangement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basic structure of a feather? |
|
Definition
| Central axis dividing feather into Rachis (distal - carries barbs interlocked at barbules, collectively the vane) and Calamus (proximal - attaches feather to body) regions |
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Term
| What are the four major feather types and their functions? |
|
Definition
| Countour feathers (aerodynamically shaped surface - smaller than flight), down feathers (insulation), filoplumes (display), and flight feathers (major aerodynamic surfaces, speacialized contour feathers) |
|
|
Term
| What two factors affect color display in feathers? |
|
Definition
| Chromatophores (pigment), barbs and barbules (refractory properties) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to flight feathers on a downstroke? |
|
Definition
| Feathers twisted into broad surface, allowing wings to push air and provide thrust |
|
|
Term
| What happens to flight feathers on an upstroke? |
|
Definition
| Feathers twisted away from broad surface: opens air channels and reduces resistance, preparing for next downstroke |
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|
Term
| Where is dermal bone located in mammals? |
|
Definition
| Contributes to skull and pectoral girdle |
|
|
Term
| Are scales unique to reptiles and avians? |
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Definition
| No, they are found in specialized regions of some mammals |
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|
Term
| What are the three major kinds of sebaceous glands in mammals? |
|
Definition
| Oil (holocrine - hair follicles), wax (ear canal), lubricants (eyelid, mouth, penis, vaginal region, nipples) |
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|
Term
| What are the main features of eccrine glands in mammals? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic stimuli, secrete watery fluids, located in sites in contact with abrasive surfaces |
|
|
Term
| What are the main features of apocrine glands in mammals? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic stimuli, secrete viscous lipid-containing fluids, used in chemical signalling and nutrition |
|
|
Term
| What are the two basic structural parts of a hair strand? |
|
Definition
| Living root (dermal papilla, epidermal matrix cells) and nonliving shaft (scaly cuticle surrounding cortex surrounding medulla) |
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|
Term
| What is associated with the extension of a hair strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main kinds of hair strands and their functions? |
|
Definition
| Guard hairs (long, coarse hairs - insulation), Underfur (finer, shorter hair - insulation), Vibrissae (whiskers - sensory), and Quills |
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|
Term
| What is the general function and make-up of nails? |
|
Definition
| Protects tips of digits from mechanical injury, stabilizes skin at the tips of digits; made up of tightly compacted, cornified epithelial cells |
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|
Term
| What is the general make-up of a hoof? |
|
Definition
| Hoof wall (3 keratinized layers), frog (wedge-shaped bottom of hoof), and sole (filler between wall and frog) |
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|
Term
| What genus of mammals are especially known for having horns? |
|
Definition
| Bovidae (cattle, antelope, sheep) |
|
|
Term
| What genus of mammals are especially known for having antlers? |
|
Definition
| Cervidae (moose, caribou/reindeer, deer) |
|
|
Term
| What is the general composition of a horn? |
|
Definition
| Bony core and tough keratinized sheath |
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|
Term
| What is the general composition of an antler? |
|
Definition
| Branched bony core, vascularized velvet (shed to leave bone bare) |
|
|
Term
| What does a phylogenic tree show? |
|
Definition
| The course of evolution with regard to an organism |
|
|
Term
| What does a dendogram show? |
|
Definition
| Graphic summary of phylogeny |
|
|
Term
| What are the strengths of a linear dendrogram? |
|
Definition
| Simple, Clear phylogenic summaries |
|
|
Term
| What are the weaknesses of a linear dendogram? |
|
Definition
| Implies earlier groups serve as sources for derivative groups |
|
|
Term
| What are the strengths of a bushy dendrogram? |
|
Definition
| Track course of new groups and show that separated groups continued to evolve separately |
|
|
Term
| What are the weaknesses of a bushy dendogram? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define primitive condition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define derived condition. |
|
Definition
| Post-transformational state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Accurately depicts a group that exists as the result of evolutionary events |
|
|
Term
| What is an artificial taxon? |
|
Definition
| Grouping that doesnt correspond with an evolutionary unit |
|
|
Term
| What is a sister group in taxonomy? |
|
Definition
| The taxon most closely related to the group being studied |
|
|
Term
| What is a grade in taxonomy? |
|
Definition
| An expression of the degree of change/level of organization (phylum) |
|
|
Term
| What is a clade in taxonomy? |
|
Definition
| A lineage. Grouping that shares a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
| How is grouping accomplished in traditional systematics and who founded it? |
|
Definition
| Grouping based on shared characteristics, Simpson Mayr |
|
|
Term
| How is grouping accomplished in cladistics and who founded it? |
|
Definition
| Grouping based on geneology. More shared characteristics implies likely relationship, Willi Hennig |
|
|
Term
| In a cladogram, what is the ingroup? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a cladogram, what is the outgroup? |
|
Definition
| Reference taxon used to identify derived characters |
|
|
Term
| What does a cladogram show and what is the 1 rule it must follow? |
|
Definition
| Simpified dendogram used to highlight derived characteristics, must branch binomially |
|
|
Term
| What is included in a monophyletic grouping? |
|
Definition
| An organism and its decendants only |
|
|
Term
| What is included in a polyphyletic grouping? |
|
Definition
| Grouping that includes multiple lineages |
|
|
Term
| What is included in a paraphyletic grouping? |
|
Definition
| An organism and some but not all of its descendants |
|
|
Term
| What defines a crown group in a cladogram? |
|
Definition
| Smallest clade that includes all living members and any contained extinct clades |
|
|
Term
| What defines a stem group in a cladogram? |
|
Definition
| Extinct taxa that are not in crown group and closely related to the crown group |
|
|
Term
| What defines a total group in a cladogram? |
|
Definition
| Crown and stem group combined |
|
|
Term
| Confidence of a lingeage restoration depends on what 3 things? |
|
Definition
Direct fossil evidence,
indirect knowledge, and
type of rock |
|
|
Term
| What 3 tools are used in fossil dating? |
|
Definition
Stratigraphy,
index fossils,
radiometry |
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 extant groups of agnathans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What main feature is characteristic of gnathostomes? |
|
Definition
| Jawed vertebrates(placoderms, chondrichthyes, & teleostomi) |
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 major groups of teleostomi. |
|
Definition
Actinopterygii &
sarcopterigii |
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 major groups of osteichthyes. |
|
Definition
Actinopterygians(ray-finned fish) &
Sarcopterygians (fleshy-finned fish) |
|
|
Term
| What main feature is characteristic of actinopterygians? |
|
Definition
| Fins controlled by internal muscles |
|
|
Term
| What 2 features are characteristic of paleonisciformes and what broader group are they included in? |
|
Definition
heterocercal tail,
ganoid scales,
type of actinopterygian |
|
|
Term
| What main feature is characteristic of neopterygii amd what broader group are they included in? What key group is included within neopterygii? |
|
Definition
| Homocercal tail, includes teleosts, type of actinopterygian |
|
|
Term
| What 3 feature are characteristic of sacropterygians? |
|
Definition
Paired fins on bony,
muscular appendages,
cosmoid scales |
|
|
Term
| What main feature is characteristic of dipnoi and what broader group are they included in? |
|
Definition
Fish with paired lungs,
type of sarcopterygian |
|
|
Term
| What main feature is characteristic of crossopterygians and what broader group are they included in? Also what is an notable feature about this grouping? |
|
Definition
Polyphyletic group,
paired lungs,
type of sarcopterygian |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic rate does what with an increase in mass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some considerations with regard to surface tension & gravity in humans? |
|
Definition
| Water escape: easy, falling: bad news |
|
|
Term
| What are some considerations with regard to surface tension & gravity in ants? |
|
Definition
| Water escape: difficult, Falling: no bigs |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between mass & length, area, volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is allometry in an organism's growth? |
|
Definition
| A change in shape in correlation with a change in size |
|
|
Term
| What is isometry in an organism's growth? |
|
Definition
| The proportions of the feature do not change with increases in size |
|
|
Term
| What do transformation grids describe? |
|
Definition
| Graphically describe anatomical change |
|
|
Term
| What is the focus of ontogeny and what time frame is it concerned with? |
|
Definition
Embryonic development,
fertilization to birth/hatching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Multicellular ball of cells,
solid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Multicellular ball,
hollow (blastocoels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell layers rearrange (from blastula) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in neurulation & organogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Neural development and organ arrangement |
|
|
Term
| What is formed in histogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Descibe a vertebrate egg. |
|
Definition
3 envelopes(1°, 2°, 3°),
internal layer (polar: animal & vegetal) |
|
|
Term
| Is a monotreme egg macro or microlecithal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed in gastrulation? |
|
Definition
| Formation of endodermal tube |
|
|
Term
| What is notable about lamprey gastrulation? |
|
Definition
| Invagination begins at dorsal lip |
|
|
Term
| What is notable about bird & reptile gastrulation? |
|
Definition
| Primitive streak forms on blastoderm |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 general layers of the integument. |
|
Definition
Epidermis (outermost layer),
Basement membrane (composed of basal lamina from epidermis and reticular lamina from dermis),
dermis (inner layer connective tissue),
Hypodermis (innermost layer, loose connective & adipose tissue) |
|
|
Term
| What structure does the epidermis orgininate from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure does the dermis orgininate from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 structures of epidermal/dermal interactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ostracoderm & Placoderm integument is composed of what? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Hagfish & Lamprey integument doesn't contain what type of bone? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Name the 2 scale types of bony fish integument. |
|
Definition
Cosmoid scales (double layer of bone, dentin),
ganoid scale (think enamel coat) |
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|
Term
| Name the 2 scale types of teleost integument. |
|
Definition
Cycloid scale (bone, concentric circles), &
ctenoid scales (bone, fringed end) |
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Term
| What major feature is unique to tetrapod integument? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What time frame is defined by maturation? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Name the 3 types of cartilage matrix. |
|
Definition
Elastic (most flexible),
fibro (strongest), &
hyaline (most common) |
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|
Term
| What is the role of osteocytes? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the role of osteoblasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of osteoclasts? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 2 descriptors used for bone? |
|
Definition
lamellar (orderly, slow-growing) or
non-lamellar (woven, fast growing, disordered) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Concentric bone matrix around a central canal |
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|
Term
| Dermal bones originate from what embryonic structure? |
|
Definition
| Ossification of the mesenchyme (Skull) |
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|
Term
| Perichondral/periosteal bones originate from what structure? |
|
Definition
| Formed from the deep layer of fibrous connective tissue covering cartilage or bone |
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Term
| What 2 things play a major role in cranial development? |
|
Definition
Neural crest and
ectodermal placodes
(form nerves and sensory receptors) |
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|
Term
| Name the 4 components of an egg formed from germ layers. |
|
Definition
Amnion (encloses embryo),
chorion (encloses embryo & membranes),
allantois (waste),
yolk sac (yolk) |
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|
Term
| Name the 2 placentas of an egg. |
|
Definition
Yolk sac placenta (forms choriovitelline membrane) and
allantoic placenta (forms chorioallantoic membrane) |
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|
Term
| Name the 2 general strategies of maturation. |
|
Definition
Metamorphosis (larva-adult) and
direct development (little adults-big kids) |
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|
Term
| What is heterochrony with regard to feature development? |
|
Definition
| Developmental shift in the onset or timing of a feature's appearance relative to ancestor |
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Term
| What is paedomorphosis with regard to feature development? |
|
Definition
| Juvenile characteristics appear in adult descendants |
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Term
| What is progenesis with regard to feature development and is it a form of paedomorphosis or peramorphosis? |
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Definition
| Growth stops before its normal end point (paedomorphosis) |
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Term
| What is neotony with regard to feature development and is it a form of paedomorphosis or peramorphosis? |
|
Definition
| Character grows slower than it did ancestrally (paedomorphosis) |
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|
Term
| What is postdisplacement with regard to feature development and is it a form of paedomorphosis or peramorphosis? |
|
Definition
| Onset of feature development occurs later than normal (paedomorphosis) |
|
|
Term
| What is peramorphosis with regard to feature development? |
|
Definition
| Adult characteristics appear in juvenile |
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|
Term
| What is hypermorphosis with regard to feature development and is it a form of paedomorphosis or peramorphosis? |
|
Definition
| Growth continues beyond normal end point (peramorphosis) |
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|
Term
| What is acceleration with regard to feature development and is it a form of paedomorphosis or peramorphosis? |
|
Definition
| Character grows faster than normal (peramorphosis) |
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|
Term
| What is predisplacement with regard to feature development and is it a form of paedomorphosis or peramorphosis? |
|
Definition
| Onset of character development begins earlier than normal (peramorphosis) |
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|
Term
| What law did Von Baer define? |
|
Definition
| Law of the general to the specific (development moves from undifferentiated to distinguishable) |
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