Term
|
Definition
developed a system of classification
classified animals mostly on visual characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
Kingdom
Phylum
class
order
family
genus
species |
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Term
| why learn animal classifications? |
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Definition
lets us guess about animals habits and needs
helps us avoid regional names
clears up legal questions
enables us to converse on a world wide basis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| why are classifications in latin? |
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Definition
| because: early scientists were often priests and monks |
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Term
| Issues with latin Classification System |
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Definition
| biotechnology is changing things, some animals are found to be more or less related to others than thought |
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Term
|
Definition
italicize or underline terms
capitalize(except species)
family ends in -idae |
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Term
| Issues with latin Classification System |
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Definition
| biotechnology is changing things, some animals are found to be more or less related to others than thought |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
3 classes of fish
amphibia
reptilia
aves(birds)
mammalia |
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Term
| creationism vs. evolution |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
propose an hypothesis
predict future results or events using your hypothesis
hypothesis may become a "theory" even though it is still falsifiable |
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Term
| essential characteristics of science |
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Definition
guided by natural law
explanatory by reference to natural law
can test against the observable world
has tentative conclusions
falsifiable |
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Term
|
Definition
cannot be tested
is not falsifiable
is not a type of science |
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Term
|
Definition
is the combination of evolution and creationism
acknowledges evolution but says things are too complex to occur by chance
suffers from same distinction as science |
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Term
|
Definition
individuals cannot evolve
is not a simple planned event
natural variation is present
can be influenced by outside factors
EX:moths on tree |
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Term
|
Definition
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Classes: 3 different ones |
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Term
|
Definition
agnatha
chondrichthyes
osteichthyes |
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Term
|
Definition
"jawless fish"
generally suck nutrients from other fish by attaching to them
EX: Lampri |
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Term
|
Definition
"cartilaginous fish"
EX: shark (doesnt have a boney skeleton) |
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Term
|
Definition
"Bony fish"
Oste = means bone |
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Term
|
Definition
25,000 living species
cells have some salts in them
more thn fresh water/less thn salt water |
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Term
| red blood cells in fresh water |
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Definition
go through "osmosis"
water comes in, cell then swells, and then "bursts" |
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Term
| red blood cells in salt water |
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Definition
water blows out and cells shrink
EX: why we dont do well in salt water |
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Term
|
Definition
dont drink a lot of water because they already have a lot of oxygen
pee a lot |
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Term
|
Definition
have to drink a lot to obtain more oxygen
some make secretions that deal with disposing salt
pee very little |
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Term
|
Definition
fish use gills to breathe
have a two chambered heart
have skin with scales |
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Term
|
Definition
primitive lungs at the top of the head (chamber)
used to gulp air at surface |
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Term
|
Definition
the "first" domesticated fish in china
We now call domesticated carp "koi"
not native to north america |
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Term
|
Definition
most are "tropical" fish
indigenous to: central and south america, caribbean sea, southeast asia |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| bred in florida and southeast asia |
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Term
|
Definition
were domesticated and are now wild
EX: pigeons or Feral cats |
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Term
|
Definition
fresh
salt
brack (mix of salt and fresh) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
give bith w/a placenta
have a way of nurturing
EX: mostly mammals and sharks |
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Term
|
Definition
produce eggs that hatch internally and are then released
EX:guppies |
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Term
|
Definition
female produces a lot of eggs and releases them, then male comes along and fertilizes them
happens "ex-vivo"
generally lay at bottom of aquarium |
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Term
|
Definition
| outside of (ex: a fish's) body |
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Term
|
Definition
1st female deposits egg
2nd male deposits semon
parents fan nest with fins
fry may be moved hole to hole
young may swim into parents mouth
generally are protective of their nest |
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Term
|
Definition
| mom may pick up eggs in their mouth and move them around |
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Term
|
Definition
ciclids
some fish swim into moms mouth to hide |
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Term
|
Definition
"Anabantids"
build floating nests of bubbles for eggs
get oxygen from air bubbles
EX:Betas |
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Term
|
Definition
actually ovoviviparous
anal fin becomes gonopodium
males tend to mate whenever
female is inattentive
ferilization can last a while
EX: Guppies, Mollies, Gumbusia |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
their yolk the first couple days
micro-organisms(infusoria and green water)
brine shrimp
REMOVE parents from babies or they may eat them |
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Term
|
Definition
"mosquito fish"
decreased number of malaria cases |
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Term
|
Definition
floating organisms
good for Fry |
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Term
| water surface in an aquarium |
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Definition
| more water surface is better because that means your tank can hold more fish |
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Term
| "light" when making an aquarium |
|
Definition
more for our pleasure than the fish's pleasure
important w/live plants and coral
too much light can create more algae which will make aquarium dirty |
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Term
|
Definition
generally keep between 72-78(deg.F)
75(deg.F) optimal, for most species
Goldfish=keep below 60(deg.F)
cold water holds more oxygen than warm |
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Term
|
Definition
5 second rule
feed fish once a day and skip a day once in a while
juvenile fish need more feeding |
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Term
| frequency in feeding Fry fish |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
away frm direct sunlight
on a solid stand or table
nt. on a radiator or near a heater |
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Term
| calculating weight of tank |
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Definition
| 10lbs per gallon(+)rocks(+)tank decor. |
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Term
|
Definition
best type to buy
water can come in and gravel cannot |
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Term
|
Definition
BACTERIA is most important
others are:gravel, charcoal, wool/floss |
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Term
|
Definition
1. glass
2. plastic
3. stainless steel
3. driftwood(must boil first) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Coral
2. Limestone
3. Marble
4. Metals |
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Term
| problem with BAD tank ornaments |
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Definition
| creates calsium caronate which pollutes water and can change tanks pH level |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
make sure it sits first, to let chlorine evaporate
its a good idea to get chlorine drops |
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Term
| distilled water in an aquarium |
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Definition
TERRIBLE IDEA
takes minerals out of water |
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Term
| live plants/plants with adequate light |
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Definition
add oxygen
remove some wastes
DONT use lake plants, you'll get "stowaways" |
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Term
| rotting plants/plants with little light |
|
Definition
consume oxygen
add more waste |
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Term
| 2 ways of measuring fish capacity |
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Definition
1. one inch per gallon
2. use surface area (Best)
3 square inches for small fish
4-8 square inches for larger fish |
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Term
| cover lights protect fish tanks from |
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Definition
dust
evaporation
fish jumping out |
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Term
|
Definition
BAD SIGN
caused by decomposition of: fecal matter, dead plant material, dead fish
take 1/2 tank water out if cant find source |
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Term
|
Definition
1. add scavengers (snails, crayfish)
2. siphon bottom every two weeks
3. partial water changes(20-40%)
4. scrape algae off
5. clean/change filter
6. remember biological filtration |
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Term
|
Definition
1. feed old fish
2. float bag 20/30min
3. consider quarantine tank |
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Term
|
Definition
nerve sensory are on a fish
can sense vibrations (thus bad if you tap on tank glass) |
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Term
| Nitrogen Dynamics of a New Tank |
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Definition
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Term
| Description of Nitrogen Dynamics of a New Tank |
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Definition
Bacteria eat ammonia then poop it out and it becomes *nitrate
Ammonia-caused by waste, "can KILL"
Nitrite-basically nontoxic
Nitrogen increases
poop/pee increases |
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Term
|
Definition
1.proteins
2.fats
3.carb.'s
4.vitamins
5.minerals
6.WATER |
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Term
|
Definition
thousands of types/functions
made up of amino acids
contain 20-30 important amino acids and 10-12 essential amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
1. arginine
2. valine
3. threonine
4. methionine
5. lysine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Eggs, meat, soybean meal(great source), alfalfa, corn gluten meal, insects, blood meal(dried blood used in fertilizing), fish meal, feather meal, (not so good), nuts |
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Term
|
Definition
1. linoleic acid
2. linolenic acid
3. arachidonic acid
fats are important as a delivery vehicle for fat-soluble vitamins
fats produce 2.25 times more energy than carbs per gram |
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Term
| deficiency of fatty acids can cause |
|
Definition
poor fins
uncontrolled nervous responses
mortality |
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Term
|
Definition
1.oils
2.fats
3.lard(comes frm pigs)
4.tallow(cows) |
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Term
|
Definition
not essential
digestibility varies w/species
common and cheap source of energy |
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Term
| energy can be supplied by |
|
Definition
1. fats
2. carb.'s
3. proteins
energy is produced by breaking C-H bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
| energy required to increase the temp. of 1ml of water 1(deg.F) |
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Term
| problems w/usage of protein for energy |
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Definition
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Term
| problem with usage of fat for energy |
|
Definition
It's easy to over-eat
Fat is more dense |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
fat soluble
-helps epithelial tissue and our eye sight |
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Term
|
Definition
Fat soluble
-helps our bones and teeth |
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Term
|
Definition
Fat soluble
-works as an antioxidant and helps regulate normal reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
Fat Soluble
-Helps prevent blood clotting |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Thiamin
2. Riboflavin
3. Niacin
4. B6 and B12
5. Folic Acid
6. Pantothenic acid
7. Biotin
8. Vitamin C |
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Term
|
Definition
essential vitamin in fish, guinea pigs, and primates
generally synthesize their own |
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Term
|
Definition
our body has a lot
1. Ca
2. P
3. K
4. S
5. Na
6. Cl |
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Term
|
Definition
Little in our body
1.Fe
2.I
3.F
4.Zn
5.Se
6.Cu
7.Mn
8.Mg |
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Term
| How do fish and amphibians get minerals |
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Definition
| some minerals will be absorbed from the water |
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Term
|
Definition
shape and structure
-->prevents wrinkles in our skin
Transport-nutrients and wastes
-->liquid blood transporting nutrients/to secrete also
solvent for chemical reactions
heat regulation
-->Sweating |
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Term
|
Definition
young animals need high protein
it's IMPORTANT to have a highly digestible diet to eliminate amount of waste |
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Term
| factors affecting nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
| age, sex, temp., size, breeding status, sickness |
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Term
| why is the fish energy requirement less than land species |
|
Definition
thermal control
movement
resistance of gravity |
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Term
|
Definition
can transmit diseases
can take over a tank
EX's: brine shrimp, daphnia, worms, other fish, flies, ANTS ARE BAD |
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Term
| signs fish suffer from malnutrition |
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Definition
1. whn. they dont eat
2. whn. they dont grow
3. whn. they stay at the surface |
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Term
|
Definition
1. live off egg
2. then microorganisms (infusoria or greenwater)
3. Later eat naupalii(baby brine shrimp)
4. large tank, have snails, remove parents, be careful whn cleaning |
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Term
|
Definition
1.add shrimp
2. add salt
3.add aeration
4. wait 2 days |
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Term
|
Definition
Food passes from:
1. mouth
2. pharynx and esophagus
3. stomach
4. small intestine
5. large intestine
6. anal canal |
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Term
|
Definition
| where nutrients are broken down and absorbed into the circulatory and lymphatic systems |
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Term
|
Definition
| where water is reabsorbed and feces form b4 going to anal canal |
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Term
|
Definition
where mastication occurs
contains saliva with enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
1. jejunum
2. lleum
3. cecum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
"soap"
breaks down fat so it can be digested |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. an insult to an animal by a microganism that is not normally a part of an animals life
2. inherited errors
3. metabolic disorders
4. nutritional deficiency |
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Term
| six infectious diseases caused by an organism |
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Definition
1.Bacteria
2.viruses
3.protozoa
4.fungi
5.parasites
6.prions |
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Term
| six conditions not caused by organisms |
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Definition
toxicities
nutritional deficiencies/excess
metabolic disorders
inherited disorders
maladaptation
cancers |
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Term
|
Definition
1. single-celled organisms
2. simple cell structure
3. most numerous of all cellular organisms
4. located everywhere
5. have flagella and "swim"
6. asexual |
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Term
|
Definition
1. young become exposed during the birth process
2. healthy internal issues are free of bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
1. breaks down dead plants and animals into molecular-sized units
2. convert nitrogen from air into organic nitrogen
3. cause chemical changes in some cheeses and silage
4. used in sewage treatment |
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Term
|
Definition
1. fermented plant product used as feed (hay mixture)
2. easier for cow to digest |
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Term
|
Definition
cause diseases such as:
1. anthrax
2. diphtheria
3.gonorrhea
4. leprosy
5. pneumonia
6.syphilis
7. tetanus
8. tuberculosis
9. typhoid fever
10. salmonellosis
*harmful bacteria cause food to spoil |
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Term
| natural defenses against bacteria |
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Definition
1. skin and scales
2. fish have a mucin coat over body
3. bacterial infection of fish, amphibia and reptiles most frequently associated with stagnant or polluted water |
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Term
|
Definition
| bact. infections can be treated with antibiotics |
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Term
|
Definition
1.smaller than bacteria
2.can infect bacteria
3.need electron microscope to see
4.made up of central core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat
5. DONT feed themselves!
6. reproduce
7. not organisms |
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Term
| reproduction of a living organism |
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Definition
| direct the processes of host cells to form many more virus particles |
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Term
|
Definition
measles
smallpox
chicken pox
mumps
influenza
hepatitis
herpes
hiv
some tumors |
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Term
| treamtments of viral diseases |
|
Definition
1. not susceptible to antibiotics
2. host cell must be defeated to defeat the virus, although defeating the virus is still very difficult
3. treatment focuses on patients physiological well-being
4. exposure to some viruses will make individual immune for life |
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Term
|
Definition
new drugs are now available to stop viruses as a result of research on aids
most interfere w/replication mechanisms, except for chicken pox episode |
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Term
|
Definition
Kingdom: protista (non-animal)
have eyespot and flagella
require microcope to see
reproduces by; budding, splitting, spores
Ex's in humans; malaria, african sleeping sickness, toxoplasmosis
CAN be treated |
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Term
|
Definition
"a group of organisms with no green coloring matter"
Ex.'s: smuts, rusts molds mildews and yeasts
*cheeses with penicilin are formed by molds. Wine is formed with yeast |
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Term
|
Definition
Internal: flukes(found in intestines, liver, lungs or blood) and worms (hook/round/tape/whip worm)
External: Lamprey (aka a jawless fish that attaches to other fish) and mites, lice and ticks |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein particle tht. causes disease |
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Term
|
Definition
contracted by eating infected nervous tissue (brains, spinal tissue, thyroid supplents).
long incubation period
no treatment |
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Term
| Examples of F. Prions diseases |
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Definition
BSE-"madcow disease"
CID-human
chronic wasting dis.-deer
scrapie-sheep
kuru-human
all involve degradation of brain tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
any agent foreign to the body
may be; protein, piece of cell, virus particle
antiBODIES form against antiGENS |
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Term
|
Definition
immunoglobulins
producd by B-cells
attach to antigens and assist in their removal of destruction |
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Term
|
Definition
1. body recognizes antigen
2. b-cells respond and begin producing antigodies
other non-specific cells are also involved
b-cells specific to that antigen continue to be produced |
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Term
|
Definition
ability to recognize self and nonself
diversity
diversity(can recognize/fight off unknown number)
specificity (only want to respond to specific thing it has) |
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Term
|
Definition
| when system attacks own cell |
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Term
|
Definition
antigen(may be killed, attenuated)
stimulates resistance to antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
measure of amount of antibodies in serum
measure of animals resistance to a specific antigen |
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Term
| toxic agents/ nutrient excesses in food water and air |
|
Definition
1.ammonia, nitrite
2.excess vitamins
3.heavy metals
4. overdosage of medications
5. poisons |
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Term
| results of malnutrition and maladaptation |
|
Definition
obesity
problems getting "new" animals to eat
maladaptation, esp. introducing new fish |
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Term
|
Definition
| can be surgically removed |
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Term
|
Definition
present regardless of previous exposure to a specific antigen
the "second line of defense present when a cut happens etc... |
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Term
|
Definition
part of the innate immune system
cells that surround foreign particles and "digest" them
indiscriminative & attack many diff. particles
produce cytokines |
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Term
|
Definition
produced by microphages
"chemical messengers"
stimulate another form of immunity |
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Term
|
Definition
most advanced line of defense
exposure to specific antigens is necessary for development |
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Term
|
Definition
white blood cells
multiply in response to cytokines
recognize bad cells and kill them directly by lysing the cell membrane
recognize tumors
also can stop immune response so organism doesnt respond forev. |
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Term
|
Definition
respond to cytokines and produce antibodies against foreign antigens
"memory cells"
stay in body after antigen is destroyed
response is faster after an animal is exposed to antigen a second time |
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Term
|
Definition
kills the antigen but not destroy it so your body thinks it is being attacked (aka a killed virus vaccination)
one can also find a closely related organism so that antibodies will cross react with the disease causing organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| when antigens and antibodies collect |
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Term
|
Definition
| a measure for an animals resistance to infection by that antigen or some similar one |
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Term
|
Definition
serum of blood, that liquid left over after blood has clotted.
serum has antibodies
test tubes that contain progressively less and less of the serum and more of the diluent |
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Term
| live, modified-live vaccine |
|
Definition
modified bacteria of virus particles, so that they do not cause the disease
live shortly in animal until the immune response kills them |
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Term
|
Definition
prevent bacterial diseases
made by raising and then killing full strength disease organisms
dead organism is inoculated into the animal who mounts an immune response
quickly eliminated from body, therefore at least 2 doses are required for immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| toxins released by bacteria that actually CAUSE PROBLEMS in the animal |
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Term
|
Definition
| made of chemicals tht resemble the toxin, but arent poisonous to the animal |
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Term
| protein particle or subunit |
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Definition
| viruses tht can produce illness after they've been killed |
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Term
| protein particle or subunit vaccine |
|
Definition
made of one part of the protein coat that covers the virus
hard to make
its a recent development |
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Term
|
Definition
8.0-8.3
change gradually
use sources of calcium carbonate |
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Term
| calcium carbonate sources |
|
Definition
dead coral, seashells, limestone
-->slowly break down in water
-->buffer against acids |
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|
Term
| Salinity in a Marine Aquarium |
|
Definition
measured by density
measured with an hydrometer
density shld be about 35 ppt salt
ppt= parts per thousand
NO TABLE SALT! use sea salt |
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|
Term
| filtration in a Marine aquarium |
|
Definition
susceptible to ammonia toxicity
need protein skimmers
use live rock and sand bc theyre filled w/small organisms
small organisms help biological filtration
May use UV or ozone sterilizers |
|
|
Term
| keeping a marine aquarium |
|
Definition
good to add water frm an established tank
AVOID METALS
use water monitering kits |
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|
Term
| keeping a coral reef tank |
|
Definition
needs strong light to photosynthesis
some need wave motions/machines
may take 6mo.'s for things to settle |
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Term
| Sea Horse Hippocampus erectus |
|
Definition
"spiny fish"
swim erect-fins vibrate!
prehensile tail- secure while resting and feeding
color chnges between brown to bright red
eat live food but captive seahorses will eat frozen food
prehensile tail |
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Term
|
Definition
| seahorse can use tail like a hand to grab things |
|
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Term
|
Definition
male carries eggs after fertilization
male pumps up brood pouch with air bubbles whn wants to have sex
girl approaches boy frontally
girl inserts her ovipositor and puts eggs in a small opening on front side of the males tail
eggs are fertilized internally and the opening is sealed
gestation period of at least 10days
male gives birth to around 60 precocious babies, once at a time |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Marine Animals |
|
Definition
| seahorses, coral, sea pansies, sponges, sea anemones |
|
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Term
|
Definition
occupy all habitats
lack vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| 8 invertebrates from simple to complex |
|
Definition
mesozoa- parasites w/small # of cells of only a few cell types
porifera- sponges
coelenterata- sea anemones & colonial corals
plathlminthes- flatworms
nematodes- roundworms
mollusca- snails, clam, squid and octopus
annelida- clam worm, eathworms and leeches
arthropoda- spiders, crab & lobsters, bees & ants |
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|
Term
| 2nd largest phylum in animal kingdom |
|
Definition
MOLLUSKS
all mollusks have similar body plans
-->head & foot (may be fused togeth.)
-->visceral mass (internal organs)
-->fold of tissue covering visceral organs and secretes shell
-->breathe w/gills and/or lungs
-->eat w/a specialized rasping, "file-like" radula in mouth |
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|
Term
|
Definition
"Snails"
-conch
-cone snails
-purple moon snail
-nudebranch
-->ex: sea slugs(pretty colors)
can overtake tanks bc they reproduce quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diets vary w/snail species & u can get a snail tht will eat almost nething
sexes generally seperated, theres been cases of hermaphrodites
fertilization can be internal or external |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"squid & octopus"
difficult pets bc they can crawl up sides and fall out of tank
males die after mating, female dies after laying eggs
need large tank
make a lot of waste and get to be big, also can eat other fish
eggs take a long time to hatch |
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Term
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Definition
jointed exoskeleton
grow by molting (initially soft then get hard)
they eat their shell after shedding it
replenished by protein
female lays eggs and sticks them to her body until they hatch
illegal to catch in wild
juveniles molt weekly/adults a cpl times a year
non-critical water conditions
get oxygen with gills
omnivorous (they will eat fish and uproot plants in ur aquarium) |
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Term
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Definition
types: stone, spiral, blue, horseshoe, and fiddler
fiddler is the most popular and cant stay in water whole time in tank
semi-terrestrial (carries its air down with its body, therefore it will drown if it doesnt have something to crawl onto outside the water)
male attracts female w/big red claw |
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Term
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Definition
| closely related to spiders |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
skin w/o scales
heterothermid
3-chambered heart
freshwater and terrestrial
have gills whn. young
breathe w/lungs whn. adults |
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Term
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Definition
TAKE ON TEMP. OF ENVIRONMENT
AKA COLD BLOODED |
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Term
| amphibien gill metamorphosis |
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Definition
| ex: tadpole having gills in same place as fish, then turn ABRUPTLY into a frog and use their lungs |
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Term
| secretion of frogs and toads |
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Definition
toxic to some animals (aka dogs)
-->cause them to vommir |
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Term
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Definition
-oviparous
-req.'s water
-young hatch frm. egg near/in water |
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Term
| amphibien temperature facts |
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Definition
use evaporative cooling
may burrow in soil 4 cooling
may hibernate/aestivate
dirty water can lead 2 disease and 2 cold of environ. can cause disease |
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Term
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Definition
| form of hibernation for amphibiens whn. its 2 hot (happens in winter) |
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Term
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Definition
mealworms, crickets, sowbugs, flies
add calcium
may want to "gut load" |
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Term
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Definition
| feed the cricket food you eventually want in the frog/amphibian |
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Term
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Definition
cause tadpoles to meamorphose
can make "mini-frogs" & bright colored poisoness frogs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-don't meta-morph. -heterothermic (maintain temp. of environ. better than amphibians) -3 to 4 chambered heart (croc.'s have 4) -most water snakes are extremely poinsonous (except in USA) -have scales -airbreathing -terrestrial (secondary aquatic) |
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Term
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Definition
-oviparous (a few ovoviviparous)and soem viviparous(aka pythons giving live birth)
-eggs can incubate outside water
-use internal fertilization
-incubation length depends on environ. temp. but 40-80 days is common
-boy snake has 2 penis's and girl has 2 vaginas |
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Term
|
Definition
-don't meta-morph.
-heterothermic(maintain temp. of environ. better than amphibians)
-3 to 4 chambered heart (croc.'s have 4)
-most water snakes are extremely poinsonous (except in USA)
-have scales
-airbreathing
-terrestrial (secondary aquatic) |
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Term
|
Definition
1.HEAT (basking rocks, lights, have temp. gradient & shade)
2. AIR QUALITY (humidity!, misting bottle, shallow bathing bowl, ventilation)
too wet-->blisters |
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Term
| good pet species of snakes |
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Definition
milk, corn, king, ball python
buy a captive-reared snake |
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Term
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Definition
firm round body
clear eyes
no signs of mites
no openmouth breathing/gasping
inside of mouth is pink
clean vent w/no swelling in area
shld. calm down w/some gentle handling
get feeding deomonstration |
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Term
| Temperature control for snakes |
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Definition
-drop temp. 5 degrees during the nite
-heat mat under tank
-NO HOT ROCKS!!! |
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Term
| Snake tank humidity equipment |
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Definition
-40 to 60% is good
-increase humid. during molting
-shallow dish for bathing
-substrate(aka shredded bark, carpeting, newsprint)
*don't use sand b/c it can get under scales and cause irritation. DONT USE SOMETHING THAT WILL STICK TO THEM! |
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Term
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Definition
"carnivores"
-eat mice, chickens, rabbits
-feed once a week
-DON'T eat during molting
-can live several months w/o eating
-if snake doesn't eat the rat, the rat will chew on the snake
-need whole animals
-pre-killed is best |
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Term
| Features that help snake eat |
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Definition
-hinged jaw
- can eat big pieces of food while still being able to breathe, b/c of their flexible trachea
-have sharp teeth that curve inward (pray gets caught in teeth and can't escape) |
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Term
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Definition
EX.'s: rattle and gartner snakes, boa constrictors
-most are oviparous
-artificial incubation can be done |
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Term
| artificial incubation of snakes |
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Definition
-styrofoam cooler filled with substrate
-put on heat pad on lowest setting
-incubate for 55-65 days |
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Term
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Definition
| geckos, bearded dragons, anoles,chameleons |
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Term
| Equipment 4 leopard gecko |
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Definition
-shallow water dish
-newspaper or paper towel for substrate
-hiding area (plastic containerfilled with peat moss is good, and make sure to mist peat moss daily) |
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Term
|
Definition
-mealworms or crickets
-pinkie mice
-NEED TO "GUT-LOAD" (aka add calcium and minerals to food)
-use vitamin mineral powder on crickets |
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Term
| rerproduction of leopard geckos |
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Definition
-sexually mature by 1
-lay 2 eggs in a "clutch" (may lay 10-16 per year)
-TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT SEX DETERMINATION (bc they lack specific sex chromosomes)
-incubate 60-70 days |
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Term
| TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT SEX DETERMINATION FOR LEOPARD GECKOS |
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Definition
-determined by day time high during first two weeks of incubation
-lower temps make women, higher make males, temps in between have 50/50 sex chance
-Temps higher thn 92 can cause "hot females" |
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Term
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Definition
when temp is above 92 OR not turned cooler at nite
-->are infertile or overly aggresive |
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Term
|
Definition
-shld be 90% herbivore
-problems with iguanas involve how big they get, and ppl misfeeding them |
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Term
| "Red-eared Slider" turtle |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-turtle dig holes in sand to lay eggs
-eggs are thn. collected and incubated |
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Term
|
Definition
-Housing (need water and land areas that can be seperated by rocks)
-water dish
-full spectrum lights or sunshine so they can get Vitamin D
-tank heater |
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Term
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Definition
-young are carnivorous and can eat; insects, fish, and bits of chicken.
-offer fruit and veg.'s also
-Vitamin A is important
-->vit. A comes frm green, leafy veg.'s
-use supplement Vitamin A if turtle wont eat veggies
-older turtles need less protein thn. young
-CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS R IMPORTANT |
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Term
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Definition
-dnt feed excess protein cuz extra nitrogen is hard to break down (amino acids)
-can cause land tortouises to "pyramid" (aka shell growth/building on top) |
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Term
|
Definition
-poop a lot, esp. w/protein
-need good filtration |
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Term
|
Definition
-first needs to hibernate
-thn. mate
-female can store sperm long or will lay a clutch of eggs insoil
-DONT turn eggs
-TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT SEX DETERMINATION except reversed frm. lizards |
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Term
| advantages in owning an amphibean |
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Definition
- 2 to 3 weeks btwn. feeding for most snakes
-easy to clean up tank
-shock factor |
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Term
| disadvantages in owning an amphibian |
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Definition
-shock factor
-temp control is very important
-regulations against sizes
-disease carrying issues |
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Term
| disadvantages in owning an amphibian |
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Definition
-shock factor
-temp control is very important
-regulations against sizes
-disease carrying issues |
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Term
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Definition
-special "sixth sense" organ tht. allows snakes to taste odors
-tongue collects particles to sense odors and goes up to pit organs to register
-important heat sensor for some |
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Term
| regeneration of body parts |
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Definition
tail and maybe legs can be regenerated but still smaller than normal
protected under state ani-cruelty laws(except 4 fish) |
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Term
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Definition
only metamorphoses in captivity (w/thyroxin)
can develop lungs and metamorph in wild ONLY if water dries up |
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Term
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Definition
much known frm lab frog cultures tht are raised in stressful conditions
fish invo. is frm aquaculture |
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Term
| effect of antibiotics on viral diseases |
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Definition
| antibiotics have no direct affect on viral diseases |
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Term
|
Definition
uncommon
wart like growths on fish tail
acts like cancer does b.c. the only way to get rid of it is to cut it off |
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Term
|
Definition
viral, exothalmos (eyes pop out, scale protrusion, swollen glands
take out of tank so it doesnt affect other fish |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| warts, tumors, Grey Patch Disease |
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Term
|
Definition
found in turtles
caused by herpes virus |
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Term
| bacterial diseases in fish |
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Definition
CAN be treated with antibiotics
antibiotics released in fish through their; food, water, or injection |
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Term
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Definition
| a proteolytic (digest protein) organism tht. causes fin rot by eating on skin and muscle |
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Term
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Definition
cause boils and reddining
can turn fin red & kill fish b/c it has to live w/o fins
CAUSED BY POOR WATER QUALITY |
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Term
|
Definition
bacterial disease of fish
-->caused by Mycobacterium
on humans causes skin lesion
-->Ex: if you already have cuts on your hand it will cause a rash there also
A COMMON AND CHRONIC FISH DISEASE |
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Term
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Definition
amphibian bacterial disease (mainly cative frogs)
caused by poor water quality
creates a redness/sore at the opening of anus and spreads 2 legs |
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Term
|
Definition
| amphibian bacterial disease
caused by mycobacterium
causes internal tubercles
disease system depends on affected location (Ex: whn occuring at tail and legs, they get boils on them ) |
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Term
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Definition
"mouth rot"
reptile bacterial disease
often pseudomonas and cause bad odor
common w/snakes and turtles
mouth may not close correctly
sores, discoloration, exudeates
generally animal does not want to eat & this causes them to get weak and sick then potentially fatal |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| 5 reptile bacterial diseases |
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Definition
salmonella (most can live normal even with this)
pneumonia
ulcerative shell disease
shell rot (cld also be fungal. dry or wet forms)
Grey Patch |
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Term
|
Definition
fungi
open sore-->stress-->bacteria attacks
occurs after; chilled, fighting, underfed, dirty tank |
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Term
| fungal amphibian diseases |
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Definition
not common
can be both internal and external
hard to diagnose
often secondary pathogesn |
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Term
|
Definition
major problem
Ex.'s: salte and pepper disease or white spot disease
"ichthyophthirius (ich)"
affects skin and sometimes gills
does not occur in salt water
common in crowded overly fed tanks |
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Term
|
Definition
free floar-->on fish-->break off-->multiply-->look for fish again
WARM UP TO KILL (speeds up cycle to free flowing stage, one can kill w/salt at this pt.)
BAD FOR FISH (stresses out, cant breathe as well in warm water b.c. oxygen level decreases |
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Term
| internal parasites w/amphibians |
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Definition
cause of mutant frogs in MN and WI
not usually a problem except seconarily
Ex: tapeworms and nomads
trematodes (little worms) encyst during tadpole stage and rearrange anatomical differentiation by burrowing into tissue and making a cyst to protect itself |
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Term
| External parasites w/amphibians |
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Definition
| Ex:leeches (esp. wild caught) |
|
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Term
| internal reptile parasites |
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Definition
Ex: round and tape worms and hook worms
not lethal unless contains other stresses |
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Term
| external reptile diseases |
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Definition
| Ex: mites, lice ticks, leeches (common w/reptiles) |
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Term
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Definition
DO NOT FEED LIVE PREY
cold temperature can cuase reptile to swallow but not digest food. food then spoils internally, which causes the problems |
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Term
| protein excess (esp. in herbivores) |
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Definition
overgrown shell, claws and beak
2 much meat & gelatin in diet
calcium and Vit. D deficiency |
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Term
| Causes for turtle having a soft shell |
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Definition
calcium, and vit. D deficiency
treatment= feed snail shells, egg shells, and Ca. Dust. Get adequate sunlight.
soft shell can cause breathing prob.'s |
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Term
| Vitamin A deficiency (esp in eyes) |
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Definition
get swollen eyes and go blind
treatment= feed mixed vegetables, and spinach |
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Term
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Definition
"MBD"/"osteoddystrophy/Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
most popular diseas in pet Iguanas
caused by severe malnutrition (deficiency/excess of Vit. D and Ca, and excess phosphorous
-->lack of Vit. D can cause poor bone development |
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Term
| Signs of Metabolic Bone Disease |
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Definition
general listlessness
swollen limbs, tail and lower jaw and fractures
eventually dying from fractures |
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Term
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Definition
"egg binding"
girl cant expel eggs because of calcium deficiency (usually disease),inappropriate containers and substrates, maladaptation
common in birds but happens in reptiles also |
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Term
|
Definition
| common in wild caught specimens symptoms: wont eat, pneumonia, skin tears, incomplete mold, egg binding |
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Term
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Definition
caused by antibiotic treatment treat w/probiotic after antibiotic |
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