Details Title: Communication Terms from Ch1 Description: Terms from chapter one Total Flash Cards: 115 Created: 02/02/2009 05:05:23		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Debate/Speech Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Messages Definition The verbal utterances and nonverbal behaviors to which meaning is attributed during communication Term Meanings Definition The thoughts in one person’s mind as well as interpretations one makes of another’s messages Term Symbols Definition Are words, sounds, and actions that seek to represent specific ideas and feelings Term Encoding Definition The process of putting our thoughts and feelings into words and nonverbal cues. Term Decoding Definition The process of interpreting another’s message Term Context Definition The setting in which communication occurs including what precedes and follows what is said Term Physical context Definition The location, the environmental conditions, the distance between the communicators, seating arrangement and time of day Term Social context Definition The nature of the relationship that already exists between participants Term Historical context Definition The background provided by previous communication episodes between participants Term Psychological context Definition The moods and feelings that each brings to the interpersonal encounter Term Cultural context Definition The values, attitudes, beliefs, orientations and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in society Term Channels Definition Both the route traveled by the message an the means of transportation Term Noise Definition Any stimulus that interferes with the process of sharing meaning Term Physical noise Definition Includes sights, sounds, and other stimuli that might draw away attention Term Psychological noise Definition Internal distractions based on thoughts, feelings, or emotional reactions to symbols Term Internal noise Definition Refers to the thoughts and feelings that compete for attention Term Semantic noise Definition Refers to the distractions aroused by certain symbols that take our attention away from the main message. The “girl’ in the office might actually refer to a 40 year old woman. Term Feedback Definition The reactions and response to messages that indicate to the sender how the message was heard, seen and interpreted Term Interpersonal communication setting Definition Informal interaction among a small number of people who have relationships with each other Term Problem solving group settings Definition Characterized by participants who come together for the specific purpose of solving a problem or arriving at a decision Term Public speaking settings Definition Participants deliver a prepared message to a group or audience Term Electronically mediated communication settings Definition Characterized by participants who do not share a physical context but communicate through the use of technology Term e-mail Definition Involves communication by way of an electronic network but does not involve real time Term Instant messaging Definition Online communication that allows two or more participants to communicate in real time Term Spontaneous expressions Definition Spoken without much conscious thought Term Scripted communication Definition Phrasings that we have learned from past communication encounters and deem appropriate for the current situation Term Constructed messages Definition Messages put together with careful thought Term Immediacy Definition Is the degree of liking or attractiveness in a relationship Term Control Definition The degree to which one participant is perceived to be more dominant or powerful Term Culture Definition Systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people Term Ethics Definition A set of moral principles that may be held by a society, a group or an individual Term Truthfulness and honesty Definition Refraining from deception of any kind Term Moral dilemma Definition A choice involving unsatisfactory alternatives Term Integrity Definition Maintaining a consistency of belief and action (keeping promises) Term Fairness Definition Achieving the right balance of interests without regard to one’s feelings and being free from bias Term Respect Definition Showing regard or consideration for others and their ideas Term Responsibility Definition Being accountable for one’s actions and what one says Term Communication competence Definition The impression that communicative behavior is both appropriate and effective in any given situation Term Skills Definition Goal oriented actions that we can master and repeat in appropriate situations Term Credibility Definition The perception of the speaker’s knowledge, trustworthiness and warmth Term Social ease Definition Communication without anxiety or nervousness Term Perception Definition The process of selectively attending to information and assigning meaning to it Term Pattern Definition A set of characteristics used to differentiate some things from others Term Interpret Definition Assigning meaning to information Term Self concept Definition Your self identity Term Self esteem Definition Your over all evaluation of your competence and personal worthiness Term Role Definition A pattern of learned behaviors that people use to meet the perceived demands of a particular context Term Self monitoring Definition The internal process of observing and regulating your own behaviors based on your analysis of the situation and others’ responses to you Term Incongruence Definition The gap between our inaccurate self-perceptions and reality Term Self-fulfilling prophecies Definition Events that happen as the result of being foretold, expected or talked about Term Self talk Definition The internal conversations we have with ourselves Term Uncertainty reduction Definition The process of monitoring the social environment to learn more about self and others Term Implicit personality theories Definition Assumptions people have developed about which physical characteristics and personality traits or behaviors are associated with another Term Halo effect Definition To generalize and perceive that a persona has a whole set of characteristics when your have actually observed only one characteristic, trait or behavior Term Stereotypes Definition Attributions that cover up individual differences and ascribe certain characteristics to an entire group of people Term Prejudice Definition A rigid attitude that is based on group membership and predisposes an individual to feel, think or act in a negative way toward another person or group. Term Discrimination Definition A negative action toward a social group or its members on account of group membership Term Attributions Definition Reasons we give for others’ behaviors Term Perception check Definition A message that reflects your understanding of the meaning of another person’s nonverbal behavior Term Language Definition A body of symbols and the systems for their use in messages that are common to the people of the same speech community Term Speech community Definition A group of people who speak the same language Term Words Definition Symbols used by a speech community to represent objects, ideas and feelings Term Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Definition A theory claiming that language influences perception Term Denotation Definition The direct, explicit meaning a speech community formally gives a word. Term Connation Definition The feelings or evaluations we associate with a word Term Syntactic context Definition The position of a word in a sentence and the words around it Term Low context culture Definition Cultures in which messages are direct, specific and detailed Term High context culture Definition Cultures in which messages are indirect, general and ambiguous Term Feminine styles of language Definition Use words of empathy and support, emphasize concrete and personal language, and show politeness and tentativeness in speaking Term Masculine styles of language Definition Use words of status and problem solving, emphasize abstract and general language, and show assertiveness and control in speaking Term Specific words Definition Words that clarify meaning by narrowing what is understood from a general category to a particular item or group within that category Term Concrete words Definition Words that appeal to the senses and help us see, hear, smell, taste or touch Term Precise words Definition Words that narrow a larger category Term Vivid wording Definition Wording that is full of life, vigorous, bright and intense Term Simile Definition A direct comparison of dissimilar things Term Metaphor Definition A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared Term Emphasis Definition The weight or importance given to certain words or ideas Term Dating information Definition Specifying the time or time period that a fact was true or known to be true Term Indexing generalizations Definition The mental and verbal practice of acknowledging the presence of individual differences when voicing generalizations Term Speaking appropriately Definition Choosing language and symbols that are adapted to the needs, interests, knowledge, and attitudes of the listeners and avoiding language that alienates Term Jargon Definition Technical terms understood only by select groups Term Slang Definition Informal vocabulary used by particular groups in society Term Generic language Definition Using words that may apply to only one sex, race or other group as though they represent everyone Term Nonparallel language Definition Terms are changed because of the sex, race or other characteristic of the individual Term Marking Definition The addition of sex, race, age, or other designations to a description Term Nonverbal behaviors Definition Bodily actions and vocal qualities that typically accompany a verbal message Term Kinesics Definition The interpretation of body motions used in communication Term Gestures Definition Movements of our hands, arms, and fingers that we use to describe or emphasize Term Illustrators Definition Gestures that augment a verbal message Term Emblems Definition Gestures that substitute for words Term Adaptors Definition Gestures that respond to a physical need Term Eye contact or gaze Definition How and how much we look at people with whom we are communicating Term Facial expressions Definition The arrangement of facial muscles to communicate emotional states or reactions to messages Term Emoticons Definition Typed symbols that convey emotional aspects of an online message Term Posture Definition The position and movement of the body Term Body orientation Definition Posture in relation to another person Term Haptics Definition The interpretation of touch Term Vocalics Definition The interpretation of the message based on the paralinguistic features Term Paralanguage Definition The voiced but not verbal part of a spoken message Term Pitch Definition The highness or lowness of the vocal tone Term Volume Definition The loudness or softness of the tone Term Rate Definition The speed at which a person speaks Term Quality Definition The sound of a person’s voice Term Intonation Definition The variety, melody or inflection in one’s voice Term Vocalized pauses Definition Extraneous sounds or words that interrupt the fluent speech Term Proxemics Definition The interpretation of a person’s use of space Term Personal space Definition The distance you try to maintain when you interact with other people Term Physical space Definition The physical environment over which your exert control Term Artifacts Definition Objects and possessions we use to decorate the physical space we control Term Endomorph Definition Round and heavy body type Term Mesomorph Definition Muscular and athletic body type Term Ectomorph Definition Lean and little muscle development Term Chronemics Definition The interpretation of a person’s use of time Term Monchhronic time orientation Definition A time orientation that emphasizes doing one thing at a time Term Polychromic time orientation Definition A time orientation that emphasizes doing multiple things at once