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Communication Terms from Ch1
Terms from chapter one
115
Debate/Speech
Undergraduate 1
02/02/2009

Additional Debate/Speech Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Messages
Definition
The verbal utterances and nonverbal behaviors to which meaning is attributed during communication
Term
Meanings
Definition
The thoughts in one person’s mind as well as interpretations one makes of another’s messages
Term
Symbols
Definition
Are words, sounds, and actions that seek to represent specific ideas and feelings
Term
Encoding
Definition
The process of putting our thoughts and feelings into words and nonverbal cues.
Term
Decoding
Definition
The process of interpreting another’s message
Term
Context
Definition
The setting in which communication occurs including what precedes and follows what is said
Term
Physical context
Definition
The location, the environmental conditions, the distance between the communicators, seating arrangement and time of day
Term
Social context
Definition
The nature of the relationship that already exists between participants
Term
Historical context
Definition
The background provided by previous communication episodes between participants
Term
Psychological context
Definition
The moods and feelings that each brings to the interpersonal encounter
Term
Cultural context
Definition
The values, attitudes, beliefs, orientations and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in society
Term
Channels
Definition
Both the route traveled by the message an the means of transportation
Term
Noise
Definition
Any stimulus that interferes with the process of sharing meaning
Term
Physical noise
Definition
Includes sights, sounds, and other stimuli that might draw away attention
Term
Psychological noise
Definition
Internal distractions based on thoughts, feelings, or emotional reactions to symbols
Term
Internal noise
Definition
Refers to the thoughts and feelings that compete for attention
Term
Semantic noise
Definition
Refers to the distractions aroused by certain symbols that take our attention away from the main message. The “girl’ in the office might actually refer to a 40 year old woman.
Term
Feedback
Definition
The reactions and response to messages that indicate to the sender how the message was heard, seen and interpreted
Term
Interpersonal communication setting
Definition
Informal interaction among a small number of people who have relationships with each other
Term
Problem solving group settings
Definition
Characterized by participants who come together for the specific purpose of solving a problem or arriving at a decision
Term
Public speaking settings
Definition
Participants deliver a prepared message to a group or audience
Term
Electronically mediated communication settings
Definition
Characterized by participants who do not share a physical context but communicate through the use of technology
Term
e-mail
Definition
Involves communication by way of an electronic network but does not involve real time
Term
Instant messaging
Definition
Online communication that allows two or more participants to communicate in real time
Term
Spontaneous expressions
Definition
Spoken without much conscious thought
Term
Scripted communication
Definition
Phrasings that we have learned from past communication encounters and deem appropriate for the current situation
Term
Constructed messages
Definition
Messages put together with careful thought
Term
Immediacy
Definition
Is the degree of liking or attractiveness in a relationship
Term
Control
Definition
The degree to which one participant is perceived to be more dominant or powerful
Term
Culture
Definition
Systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people
Term
Ethics
Definition
A set of moral principles that may be held by a society, a group or an individual
Term
Truthfulness and honesty
Definition
Refraining from deception of any kind
Term
Moral dilemma
Definition
A choice involving unsatisfactory alternatives
Term
Integrity
Definition
Maintaining a consistency of belief and action (keeping promises)
Term
Fairness
Definition
Achieving the right balance of interests without regard to one’s feelings and being free from bias
Term
Respect
Definition
Showing regard or consideration for others and their ideas
Term
Responsibility
Definition
Being accountable for one’s actions and what one says
Term
Communication competence
Definition
The impression that communicative behavior is both appropriate and effective in any given situation
Term
Skills
Definition
Goal oriented actions that we can master and repeat in appropriate situations
Term
Credibility
Definition
The perception of the speaker’s knowledge, trustworthiness and warmth
Term
Social ease
Definition
Communication without anxiety or nervousness
Term
Perception
Definition
The process of selectively attending to information and assigning meaning to it
Term
Pattern
Definition
A set of characteristics used to differentiate some things from others
Term
Interpret
Definition
Assigning meaning to information
Term
Self concept
Definition
Your self identity
Term
Self esteem
Definition
Your over all evaluation of your competence and personal worthiness
Term
Role
Definition
A pattern of learned behaviors that people use to meet the perceived demands of a particular context
Term
Self monitoring
Definition
The internal process of observing and regulating your own behaviors based on your analysis of the situation and others’ responses to you
Term
Incongruence
Definition
The gap between our inaccurate self-perceptions and reality
Term
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Definition
Events that happen as the result of being foretold, expected or talked about
Term
Self talk
Definition
The internal conversations we have with ourselves
Term
Uncertainty reduction
Definition
The process of monitoring the social environment to learn more about self and others
Term
Implicit personality theories
Definition
Assumptions people have developed about which physical characteristics and personality traits or behaviors are associated with another
Term
Halo effect
Definition
To generalize and perceive that a persona has a whole set of characteristics when your have actually observed only one characteristic, trait or behavior
Term
Stereotypes
Definition
Attributions that cover up individual differences and ascribe certain characteristics to an entire group of people
Term
Prejudice
Definition
A rigid attitude that is based on group membership and predisposes an individual to feel, think or act in a negative way toward another person or group.
Term
Discrimination
Definition
A negative action toward a social group or its members on account of group membership
Term
Attributions
Definition
Reasons we give for others’ behaviors
Term
Perception check
Definition
A message that reflects your understanding of the meaning of another person’s nonverbal behavior
Term
Language
Definition
A body of symbols and the systems for their use in messages that are common to the people of the same speech community
Term
Speech community
Definition
A group of people who speak the same language
Term
Words
Definition
Symbols used by a speech community to represent objects, ideas and feelings
Term
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Definition
A theory claiming that language influences perception
Term
Denotation
Definition
The direct, explicit meaning a speech community formally gives a word.
Term
Connation
Definition
The feelings or evaluations we associate with a word
Term
Syntactic context
Definition
The position of a word in a sentence and the words around it
Term
Low context culture
Definition
Cultures in which messages are direct, specific and detailed
Term
High context culture
Definition
Cultures in which messages are indirect, general and ambiguous
Term
Feminine styles of language
Definition
Use words of empathy and support, emphasize concrete and personal language, and show politeness and tentativeness in speaking
Term
Masculine styles of language
Definition
Use words of status and problem solving, emphasize abstract and general language, and show assertiveness and control in speaking
Term
Specific words
Definition
Words that clarify meaning by narrowing what is understood from a general category to a particular item or group within that category
Term
Concrete words
Definition
Words that appeal to the senses and help us see, hear, smell, taste or touch
Term
Precise words
Definition
Words that narrow a larger category
Term
Vivid wording
Definition
Wording that is full of life, vigorous, bright and intense
Term
Simile
Definition
A direct comparison of dissimilar things
Term
Metaphor
Definition
A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared
Term
Emphasis
Definition
The weight or importance given to certain words or ideas
Term
Dating information
Definition
Specifying the time or time period that a fact was true or known to be true
Term
Indexing generalizations
Definition
The mental and verbal practice of acknowledging the presence of individual differences when voicing generalizations
Term
Speaking appropriately
Definition
Choosing language and symbols that are adapted to the needs, interests, knowledge, and attitudes of the listeners and avoiding language that alienates
Term
Jargon
Definition
Technical terms understood only by select groups
Term
Slang
Definition
Informal vocabulary used by particular groups in society
Term
Generic language
Definition
Using words that may apply to only one sex, race or other group as though they represent everyone
Term
Nonparallel language
Definition
Terms are changed because of the sex, race or other characteristic of the individual
Term
Marking
Definition
The addition of sex, race, age, or other designations to a description
Term
Nonverbal behaviors
Definition
Bodily actions and vocal qualities that typically accompany a verbal message
Term
Kinesics
Definition
The interpretation of body motions used in communication
Term
Gestures
Definition
Movements of our hands, arms, and fingers that we use to describe or emphasize
Term
Illustrators
Definition
Gestures that augment a verbal message
Term
Emblems
Definition
Gestures that substitute for words
Term
Adaptors
Definition
Gestures that respond to a physical need
Term
Eye contact or gaze
Definition
How and how much we look at people with whom we are communicating
Term
Facial expressions
Definition
The arrangement of facial muscles to communicate emotional states or reactions to messages
Term
Emoticons
Definition
Typed symbols that convey emotional aspects of an online message
Term
Posture
Definition
The position and movement of the body
Term
Body orientation
Definition
Posture in relation to another person
Term
Haptics
Definition
The interpretation of touch
Term
Vocalics
Definition
The interpretation of the message based on the paralinguistic features
Term
Paralanguage
Definition
The voiced but not verbal part of a spoken message
Term
Pitch
Definition
The highness or lowness of the vocal tone
Term
Volume
Definition
The loudness or softness of the tone
Term
Rate
Definition
The speed at which a person speaks
Term
Quality
Definition
The sound of a person’s voice
Term
Intonation
Definition
The variety, melody or inflection in one’s voice
Term
Vocalized pauses
Definition
Extraneous sounds or words that interrupt the fluent speech
Term
Proxemics
Definition
The interpretation of a person’s use of space
Term
Personal space
Definition
The distance you try to maintain when you interact with other people
Term
Physical space
Definition
The physical environment over which your exert control
Term
Artifacts
Definition
Objects and possessions we use to decorate the physical space we control
Term
Endomorph
Definition
Round and heavy body type
Term
Mesomorph
Definition
Muscular and athletic body type
Term
Ectomorph
Definition
Lean and little muscle development
Term
Chronemics
Definition
The interpretation of a person’s use of time
Term
Monchhronic time orientation
Definition
A time orientation that emphasizes doing one thing at a time
Term
Polychromic time orientation
Definition
A time orientation that emphasizes doing multiple things at once
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