Term
|
Definition
in-toeing
newborn - 18 mo
forefoot to hindfood valgus
spont improvement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
in-toeing
6-18 mo
defined by transmalleolar axis (infant +5)
spont improvement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
in-toeing
3-9 years, can improve to age 8
range of normal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| forefoot and hindfoot involved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
out-toeing
flexible flatfoot
spont improve |
|
|
Term
| external tibial torsion (excessive) |
|
Definition
out-toeing
uncommon neurologic problems
myelodysplasia
cerebral paly |
|
|
Term
| hip external rotation contracture |
|
Definition
out-toeing
spont improve in first year |
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|
Term
|
Definition
most commonly physiologic
normal in infants (15 deg), neutral by 18-24 mo
xrays normal except for symmetric bowing |
|
|
Term
| infantile Blount's disease |
|
Definition
growth retardation at prox tibial epiphysis (medial/posterior)
abnormal weightbearing stresses - early walkers, obesity
usually bilateral
medial "beaking" is initial sign with imaging
progressive depression of medial tibial plateau - Langenskiold stages I-V |
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|
Term
|
Definition
developmental most common - symmetric
unilateral - trauma like prox tibial fx, tumor like fibrous dysplasia |
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|
Term
| developmental hip dysplasia |
|
Definition
multifactorial, not always congenital or dislocated
mechanical factors - first born, breech, left hip, torticollis, metatarsus adductus/calcaneovalgus
much more common in females (estrogen causes ligament laxity)
also caused by cradle boards
newborn to 2 mo - Ortolani and Barlow tests most reliable; xrays unreliable
exam - stabilize pelvis
tx - maintain abduction and flexion - pavlik harness |
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|
Term
|
Definition
family history, variable expression
AP alignment, trunk alignment, rib hump, sagittal alignment - all need to be assessed
standing PA and lateral films
beware - pain/neuro findings, progressive curve in males, unusual pattern, rapid progression, intradural abnromality |
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