Term
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Definition
Class: Cardiovascular system drug - Diuretic
Action: Inhibits Na and Cl reabsorption at the proximal and distal tubules and the ascending loop of Henle.
Indications: Acute pulmonary edema, edema, hypertension.
Injection: 10 mg/ml
Oral solution: 10 mg/ml, 40 mg/5 ml
Tablets: 20, 40, 80 mg
Usual dose: 20 to 80 mg daily in am.
Side effects: None common. |
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Term
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Definition
Class: GI tract drug - Laxative
Action: Stool softener that reduces surface tension of interfacing liquid contents of the bowel. This detergent activity promotes incorporation of additional liquid into stools, thus forming a softer mass.
Indications: Stool softener.
Capsules: 50, 100, 240, 250 mg
Oral liquid: 150/15 ml
Oral solution: 10 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml
Rectal suspension: 283 mg/4 ml
Syrup: 20 mg/5 ml, 50 mg/15 ml, 60 mg/15 ml
Tablets: 50, 100 mg
Usual dose: 50 to 300 mg PO daily until BM normal.
Side effects: Bitter taste. None common.
Teach: May take 1-3 days to soften stool. Educate on bran, cereals, fruit, and veggies. |
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Term
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Definition
Class: Cardiovascular system drug - Inotropic
Action: Inhibits sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, promoting movement of calcium from extracellular to intracellular cytoplasm and strengthening myocardial contraction. Also acts on CNS to enhance vagal tone, slowing conduction through the SA and AV nodes.
Indications: Heart failure, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and flutter.
Capsules: 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg
Elixir: 0.05 mg/ml
Injection: 0.1 mg/ml (pediatric), 0.25 mg/ml
Tablets: 0.125 mg, 0.25 mg
Usual dose: For rapid digitalization 0.4 to 0.6 mg PO followed by 0.1 to 0.3 mg every 6 to 8 hours.
Side effects: Agitation, fatigue, generalized muscle weakness, hallucinations, anorexia. |
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Term
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Definition
Class: Anti-infective - Amebicides, antiprotozoals, and anthelmintics
Action: Direct-acting trichomonacide and amebicide that works inside and outside the intestines. It's thought to enter the cells of microorganisms that contain nitroreductase, forming unstable compounds that bind to DNA and inhibit synthesis, causing cell death.
Indications: Amebic liver abscess, intestinal amebiasis, trichomoniasis, refractory trichomoniasis, bacterial infection caused by anaerobic microorganisms, prevent postop infection in contaminated or potentially contaminated colorectal surgery, bacterial vaginosis, C-diff, pelvic inflammatory disease.
Capsules: 375 mg
Injection: 500 mg/100 ml in vials or ready-to-use minibags
Powder to injection: 500-mg single-dose-vials
Tablets: 250, 500 mg
ER Tablets: 750 mg
Usual dose: 500 to 750 mg tid for 7 to 10 days.
Side effects: Headache, nausea, vaginitis, candida.
Teach: May have metallic taste and patient may have dark or red-brown urine. |
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Term
| zolpidem tartrate (Ambien) |
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Definition
Class: CNS drugs - sedative-hypnotics
Action: Although drug interacts with one of three identified GABA0benzodiazepine receptor complexes, it isn't a benzodiazepine. It exhibits hypnotic activity and minimal muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant properties.
Indications: Short-term management of insomnia.
Oral spray: 5 mg/actuation
Tablets: 5, 10 mg
ER Tablets: 6.25, 12.5 mg
SL Tablets: 5, 10 mg
Usual dose: 10 mg immediate-release or 12.5 mg extended-release PO at hs.
Side effects: Headache, change in dreams. |
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Term
metoprolol succinate (Toprol-XL)
metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor) |
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Definition
Class: Cardiovascular system drug - Antihypertensive
Action: Unknown. A selective beta-blocker that selectively blocks beta-1 receptors; decreases cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and cardiac oxygen consumptoin; and depresses renin secretion.
Indications: Hypertension, early intervention in Acute MI, angina pectoris.
metroprolol succinate
ER Tablets: 25, 50, 100, 200 mg
metoprolol tartrate
Injection: 1 mg/ml in 5-ml ampules
Tablets: 25, 50, 100 mg
Usual dose: Initially 50 mg bid or 100 mg PO once daily. Adjust weekly as needed. Maximum 400 mg daily.
Side effects: Fatigue, dizziness, hypotension.
Teach: Hold if apical pulse less than 60. |
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Term
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Definition
Class: Cardiovascular system drug - Antihypertensive
Action: Causes decreased production of angiotensin II and suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Indications: Hypertension, adjunct treatment for heart failure, hemodynamically stable patients within 24 hours of acute MI to improve survival.
Tablets: 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 mg
Usual dose: Initially 5 mg PO daily if taking diuretic. If not, 10 mg PO daily. Most patients controlled with 20 to 40 mg PO daily.
Side effects: Dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, nasal congestion, diarrhea. |
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Term
| potassium chloride (K-Dur) |
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Definition
Class: Electrolyte balancing drugs
Action: Replaces potassium and maintains potassium level.
Indications: To prevent hypokalemia, hypokalemia.
CR Capsules: 8, 10 mEq
Injection concentrate: 1.5 mEq/ml, 2 mEq/ml
Injection for IV infusion: 0.1 mEq/ml, 0.2 mEq/ml, 0.3 mEq/ml, 0.4 mEq/ml
Oral liquid: 20 mEq/15 ml, 40 mEq/15 ml
Powder for oral administration: 20 mEq/packet, 25 mEq/packet
CR Tablets: 6.7, 8, 10, 25 mEq
ER Tablets: 8, 10, 15, 20 mEq
Usual dose: 40 to 100 mEq PO in two to four divided doses daily. Max dose IV KCl is 40 mEq/L at 10 mEq/hour. Don't exceed 200 mEq daily in adults and 3 mEq/kg daily in children.
Side effects: Postinfusion phlebitis. |
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Term
| pantaprazole sodium (Protonix) |
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Definition
Class: Gastrointestinal drug - Antiulcerative and reflux drug
Action: Inhibits proton pump activity by binding to hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, located at secretory surface of gastric parietal cells, to suppress gastric acid secretion.
Indications: Erosive esophagitis with GERD, short-term treatment of GERD, short-term treatment of pathologic hypersecretion caused by Zollinger-Ellison syndrome or other neoplastic conditions.
Injection: 40 mg/vial
DR Suspension: 40 mg
DR Tablet: 20, 40 mg
Usual dose: 40 mg po once daily for 8 weeks.
Side effects: None common. |
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Term
| levothyroxine sodium (Synthroid) |
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Definition
Class: Hormonal drugs - Thyroid hormones
Action: Not completely defined. Stimulates metabolism of all body tissues by accelerating rate of cellular oxidation.
Indications: Thyroid hormone replacement.
Tablets: 25, 50, 75, 88, 100, 112, 125, 137, 150, 175, 200, 300 mcg.
Usual dose: 1.7 mcg/kg po once daily. Recheck every 6 to 8 weeks and make changes in 12.5 to 25 mcg increments.
Side effects: Nervousness, insomnia, tremor, headache, fever, tachycardia, palpitations, angina pectoris. |
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Term
| vancomycin hydrochloride (Vancocin) |
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Definition
Class: Anti-infectives - Miscellaneous
Action: Hinders bacterial cell-wall synthesis, damaging the bacterial plasma membrance and making the cell more vulnerable to osmotic pressure. Also interferes with RNA synthesis.
Indication: Serious or severe infections when other antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated, including MRSA, S. epidermidis, or diphtheroid organisms, antibiotic-related pseudomembranous C-Diff and S. entercolitis, endocarditis prophylaxis.
Capsules: 125, 150 mg.
Powder for injection: 500-mg, 1-g vials.
Usual dose: 500 mg IV every 6 hours of 1 g IV every 12 hours.
Side effects: None common.
Teach: Oral form ineffective for systemic infections. |
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Term
| ceftriaxone sodium (Rocephin) |
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Definition
Class: Anti-infectives - Cephalosporins.
Action: Inhibits cell-wall synthesis, promoting osmotic instability; usually bactericidal.
Indications: Uncomplicated gonococcal vulvo-vaginitis, UTI, meningitis, perioperative prevention, acute bacterial otitis media.
Infusion: 1 g, 20g piggyback, 1 g, 2 g/50 ml premixed.
Injection: 250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g, 2 g.
Usual dose: 1 to 2 g IM or IV daily or in equally divided dose every 12 hours, not to exceed 4 g daily.
Side effects: None common. |
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Term
sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim)
combo drug |
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Definition
Class: Anti-infectives - Sulfonamides
Action: Sulfamethoxazole inhibits formation of dihydrofolic acid from PABA; trimethoprim inhibits dihydrofolate reductase formation. Both decrease bacterial folic acid synthesis and are bactericidal.
Indications: Shigellosis or UTIs caused by susceptible strains of E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, or Enterobacter species, otitis media in patients with penicillin allergy or penicillin-resistant infection, chronic bronchitis, upper respiratory tract infections, traveler's diarrhea, to prevent pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pneumonia.
Injection: trimethoprim 16 mg/ml and sulfamethoxazole 80 mg/ml in 5-ml vials,
Oral suspension: trimethoprim 40 mg and sulfamethoxazole 200 mg/5 ml.
Double-strength Tablets: trimethoprim 160 mg and sulfamethoxazole 800 mg.
Single-strength Tablets: trimethoprim 80 mg and sulfamethoxazole 400 mg.
Usual dose: 160 mgtrimethoprim/800 mg sulfamethoxazole po every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days or for 5 days for shigellosis and traveler's diarrhea.
Side effects: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, generalized skin eruptions. |
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Term
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Definition
Class: Anti-infectives - Fluoroquinolones
Action: Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and prevents DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination in susceptible bacteria.
Indications: Acute bacterial sinusitis caused by susceptible strains, mild to moderate or complicated skin infections, acute bacterial worsening of chronic bronchitis caused by susceptible strains, CAP pneumonia resistant to other antibiotics, to prevent inhalation anthrax after confirmed or suspected exposure to B. anthracis, complicated UTIs, traveler's diarrhea, disseminated gonococcal infections.
Infusion (premixed): 250 mg in 50 ml D5W, 500 mg in 100 ml D5W, 750 mg in 150 ml D5W.
Oral solution: 25 mg/ml
Single-use vials: 500, 750 mg
Tablets: 250, 500, 750 mg
Usual dose: 500 mg po or IN infesion over 60 minutes every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days or 750 mg po every 24 hours for 5 days.
Side effects: None common. |
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Term
methylprednisolone (Medrol, Medrol Dosepak)
methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol)
methylprednisolone sodium (A-Methapred, Solu-Medrol) |
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Definition
Class: Hormonal drugs - Steroidal anti-inflammatories
Action: Not clearly defined. Decreases inflammation, mainly by stabilizing leukocyte lysosomal membranes; suppresses immune response; stimulates bone marrow; and influences protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism.
Indications: Severe inflammation or immunosuppression, shock.
methylprednisolone
Tablets: 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32 mg
methylprednisolone acetate
Injection (suspension): 20 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, 80 mg/ml
methylprednisolone sodium succinate
Injection: 40-mg, 125-mg, 500-mg, 1000-mg, 2000-mg vial.
Usual dose: 4 to 48 mg po daily, then adjust to lowest adequate dose.
Side effects: Euphoria, insomnia, peptic ulceration. |
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Term
| metoclopramide hydrochloride (Reglan) |
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Definition
Class: GI tract drugs - Antiemetics
Action: Stimulates motility of upper GI tract, increases lower esophageal sphincter tone, and blocks dopamine receptors at the chemoreceptor trigger zone.
Indications: Prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting, facilitate small-bowel intubation, to aid in radiologic examination, delayed gastric emptying secondary to diabetic gastroparesis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, to improve lactation (off-label use).
Injection: 5 mg/ml
Syrup: 5 mg/5 ml
Tablets: 5, 10 mg
Usual dose: 10 to 15 mg po prn.
Side effects: Anxiety, drowsiness, dystonic reactions, fatigue, lassitude, restlessness.
Teach: Long-term or high-dose drug use has been linked to tardive dyskinesia, even after the drug was stopped, especially in older and female patients. |
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Term
| ondansetron hydrochloride (Zofran) |
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Definition
Class: GI tract drugs - Antiemetics
Action: Make block 5-HT3 in the CNS in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and in the peripheral nervous system on the nerve terminals of the vagus nerve.
Indications: To prevent or lessen nausea and vomiting, prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Injection: 2 mg/ml
Oral solution: 4 mg/5 ml
Orally disintegrating tablets: 4, 8 mg
Premixed injection: 32 mg/50 ml
Tablets: 4, 8, 24 mg
Usual dose: 4 to 24 mg po daily. Varying.
Side effects: Dizziness, fatigue, headache, malaise, sedation, constipation, diarrhea. |
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Term
| hydromorphone hydrochloride (Dilaudid) |
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Definition
Class: CNS drugs - Opioid analgesics
Action: Unknown. Binds with opioid receptors in the CNS, altering perception of and emotional response to pain. Also suppresses the cough reflex by direct action on the cough center in the medulla.
Indications: Moderate to severe pain.
Injection: 1 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml
Liquid: 5 mg/ml
Lyophilized powder for injection: 10 mg/ml
Tablets: 2, 3, 4, 8 mg
Usual dose: 2 to 4 mg po every 4 to 6 hours prn. Or 1 to 4 mg IM subcu or IV (slowly over at least 2 to 5 mins) every 4 to 6 hours prn. Liquid 2.5 to 10 mg oral every 3 to 6 hours prn.
Side effects: Constipation.
Teach: Keep opioid antagonist available (Naloxone). |
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Term
| morphine sulfate (Morphine) |
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Definition
Class: CNS drugs - opioid analgesics
Action: Unknown. Binds with opioid receptors in the CNS, altering perception of and emotional response to pain.
Indications: Severe pain, moderate to severe pain requiring continuous, around-the-clock opioid.
Capsules, ER Capsules, Injection (with and without preservative), Soluble tablets, Suppositories, Tablets, ER Tablets
Usual dose: 5 to 20 mg subcu or IM 10 to 30 mg po every 4 hours prn. If giving IV, dilute 2.5 to 15 mg in 4 or 5 ml of sterile water for injection and give slowly over 4 to 5 minutes.
Side effects: Dizziness, headache, sedation, vertigo. |
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Term
fentanyl citrate (Sublimaze)
fentanyl transdermal system (Duragesic-12, Duragesic-25, Duragesic-50, Duragesic-75, Duragesic-100)
fentanyl transmucosal (Actiq, Fentora) |
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Definition
Class: CNS drugs - Opioid analgesics
Action: Unknown. Binds with opioid receptors in the CNS, altering perception of and emotional response to pain.
Indications: Adjunct to general/regional anesthetic, induce and maintain anesthesia, postoperative pain, restlessness, tachypnea, and emergence delerium, to manage persistent, moderate to severe chronic pain in opioid-tolerant patients who require around-the-clock opioid analgesics for an extended time.
Injection: 50 mcg/ml
Transdermal system: Patches that release 12.5, 25, 50, 75, or 100 mcg drug per hour.
Transmucosal: 200, 400, 600, 800, 1200, 1600 mcg.
Usual dose: For patch, keep patch on 72 hours.
Side effects: Asthenia, clouded sensorium, confusion, euphoria, sedation, somnolence, constipation, diaphoresis, pruritis. |
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