Term
|
Definition
| Mesoamerican deity from Nahuatl language meaning "feathered serpent", supposedly Montezuma thought Cortez' landing was the return of this God, but this is according to letters by the explorer and it is challenged by many historians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1713, series of peace treaties concluding the War of Spanish Succession; Louis XIV (france) and Philip V (Spain) against Britain, Savoy, and the Dutch Republic; established balance of power as a prospect of international relations by preventing the unification of France and Spain under one crown; ended French Hegemony over europe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| La Casa y Audiencia de Indias, Spanish House of Trade from 1500s-1700s; started by queen isabella of Castile; collected all colonial taxes and duties, approved all voyages, maintained secret information on trade routes and new discoveries, licensed captains, administered commercial law, no spaniard could sail anywhere without their approval, however smuggling often took place; levied the quinto on all goods entering spain, but taxes range from 10-40%; also had a navigation school. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1493 papl bull by pope Alexander VI granted Spain (Castile and Aragon) all lands to the west and south of a certain line; defined a zone of Spanish rights exclusive to Portugal, but efforts by Spain to enforce were unsuccessful; Treaty of Tordesillas came the next year; moved the line further west and granted the Eastern land to Portugal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| administrative organ of the Spanish empire, both in the Americas and in Asia, legislative, executive and Judicial; came to exercise authority over the Indies at the local level and over the Casa de Contratacion; civil suits could ne appealed from an audiencia in the New World |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an appellate court in Spain and its empire; with vast conquests, beginning in 1520s, the audiencia system would not be sufficient to effectively run the overseas government, so viceroys were introduced, and both were overseen by Concil of the Indies; audiencias had legislative, executive and judicial roles, shared responsibilities with viceroys thus were an authority check. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spanish treasure fleets of 1566-1790; convey from colonies to spain, most notably transporting silver and gold and other raw materials, and in return Spanish emigrants and manufacturer's goods came back from spain; in response to attacks by French privateers, strictly controlled through the Casa de Contratacion, colonies could trade only with the one designated port |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contract, set of traders was given a monopoly over that route and/or product; permission given by Spain to other countries to sell slaves to the Spanish colonies, between the years 1543 and 1834, usually to individual merchants, generally portuguese; in 1713 the Treaty of Utrecht gave Britain's South Sea Company a 30 year contract to supply an unlimited number of slaves to the colonies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pieces of property covering tremendous areas, describes haciendas; originated under colonial law, allowing forced labor recruitment and land grants for milary service |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| manditory public service in the Incan empire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Royal 5th, 20% tax Spain levied on mining of Precious metals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Royal Road, number of long roads and trails linking various colonies of Spain in the Americas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traditional native alchoholic beverage from maguey plant, considered sacred in the Mesoamerican period, after conquest it became secular and consumption increased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixed-race people and social stratification; Hispanics were higher class, "gente de razon" and natives were lower class "gente sin razon"; by late 1600's there existed long lists of terms for specific degrees of racial mixing from Peninsulares, creoles (both Espanoles), mestizos, Indians, mulatos, and blacks; Indians after a few generations of mixing with Espanoles could join their class, but blacks lowered the class of those with whom they mixed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Portugues term for sugar mill; massive amount of labor required a large estate; these were prevalent in brazil, spreading slavery there; Pernambuco was a big sugar cpataincy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1445, Portuguese trading posts in the colonies, served simultaneously as market, warehouse, customs, defense and support to the navigation or exploration; governed by Feitor managing trade, buying /Trading products on behalf of the king, collecting taxes (usually 20%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spanish trading company 1728-1785, monopoly on Venezuelan trade; founded by wealthy Basques to break de facto Dutch monopoly on the cocoa trade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| person is forced to pay off a loan with direct loan or in place of currency, over an agreed or obscure period of time; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1577, process usued to extract silver from ore, developed in Mexico |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| economic theory that defines wealth by amount of precious metals owned, an early form of mercantilism; derived in 16th century from observation that English state possessed large amounts of gold and silver, in spite of no mining on English soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1711, British joint stock company granted trade monopoly in Spain's South American colonies as part of treaty during the War of Spanish Succession, and in return accepted English national debt; primary compenent was asiento regarding slave trading |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tree from Brazil used to bow instruments and makes red dye; 15th-16th centuries was highly valued in europe, came from south asia until discovered in America (which took over the market) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quechua word meaning an object that represents something revered (totem), can refer to natural locations |
|
|
Term
| Composicion (1597 onwards) |
|
Definition
| (verification) the verification of land titles. Land titles would be reviewed by inspectors, if the land had been held peacefully and neighbors didn't object, confirmation was given (for a fee) |
|
|
Term
| Juzgado General de los Indios |
|
Definition
| General Court of the Indians, was one of the three main courts in Mexico City, it gave the majority of the Indian population a legal outlet by which they could address mistreatment or other wrongs. |
|
|
Term
| "Viva el Rey y Muerte al mal Gobierno" |
|
Definition
| "Long live the King and death to Bad Government"- this was the view that the king was above the bureacracy that caused so many problems. This was part of the myth of the kind leader with evil advisors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One state of Brazil; formed mainly by colonists searching for Gold (late 17th century) and later diamonds; turned Rio de Janeiro into an important port city and shifted economic focus from sugar cane in the North |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| north-central mexican state known for silver ore |
|
|
Term
| Viceroyalty of New Granada |
|
Definition
| 1717 started, northern South America; place of the Guajira rebellion, a group that had never been fully subjugated; was eventually quelled. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Port city in Panama founded 1597; important silver-exporting port in New Granada and part of the Flota system; captured by Captain Henry Morgan, brutally plundered for 14 days and robbed of its wealth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founded in 1546 as a mining town, main silver supply for Spanish Empire, dominated by Cerra Rico, the mountain 'made of silver" name cam to by synonymous with 'fortune' |
|
|
Term
| War of the SPanish Succession |
|
Definition
| over possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under single Bourbon monarch which wouldn've changed the european ballance of power, this resulted in the naming of Bourbon Phillip V of Pain, but he had to denounce all claims to France and cede much of the crown's possessions to the Holy Roman Empire, Britain, Savoy, and Dutch Republic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Portuguese Navigator and explorer, 'discovered' Brazil in 1500, named it Island of Vera Cruz (true Cross), knew it was east of the Line of Demarcation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spanish philosopher, humanist, and theologian; debated Bartolome de las Casas as to the status of Native, claimed they were naturally slaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Named king of Spain after the War of the Spanish Succession, but in doing so he was removed from the French line of succession. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Died in 1572 after robbing Spanish, Native leader in Peru |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mestizo and direct decendant of I, leader of an unsuccessful indigenous uprising in Peru against the Spanish occupation; during the rebellion he led a huge indian army, captured and killed the corregidor of the region, and marched on Cuzco lootking Hispanic houses and possessions and killing their oppressors; revolt began to end after the native army brutally slaughtered every spanish soldier in the Battle of Sangarara and ruined the posibility of creole support, and failed to capture Cuzco. He became a mythical figure in Peruvian independence and native pride movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 16th Century, 2nd Viceroy of new Spain; helped natives defend themselves against abuses of gold-mining and slave owners, and released 150,000 Indian slaves, also Instituted public services such as hospitals and law enforcement for the natives, instead of enriching himself in office, he had gone into debt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1645-95) self-taught scholar, mathmetician, poet, and nun of new spain; today she stands at the beginning of mexican literature; was a prodigal child, but convent was the only place a female could be properly educated; writing had feminist themes; |
|
|
Term
| Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa |
|
Definition
| 18th Century, Spanish members of the French Geodesic mission, scientific expedition sent by French Academy of Sciences to Ecuador to measure a degree of the meridian at the equator and determine the Earth's roundness, determined it was flat at the poles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1471-1541; Spanish Conquistador (second cousin of Cortez); crossed Panama with Balboa; headed to Peru in search of rumored El Dorado after news of Cortez' Mexico Success; conqueror of the Incan Empire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Charles II of Spain (1661-1709); Last habsburg king of Spain and ruler of nearly all Italy; extensive physical, intellectual, and emotional problems, and consequential ineffectual rule; his death caused the War of the Spanish Succession |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1635-1688, Dangerous Pirate in the Caribbean and Spanish Main; sailed to Hispaniola as a privateer, he plundered spanish ships and coastline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1540-96, English Sea Captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and renowned pirate and politician, knighted by Queen Elizabeth I, from Farm family; hero to the English and Pirate to the Spanish, Philip II offered a huge reward for "El Draque", sailed around the world, second in command in 1588 defeat of the Spanish Armada. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1500-71, Portuguese explorer, commander of the first official Portuguese expedition into mainland Brazil; Established control because threatened by presence of French and Dutch ships along coast; also established a sugar mill and set examples for future entadas and bandeiras |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1492-1585, conquistador who wrote eyewitness account of the conquest of Nexico under Cortez, himself serving as soldier. Wrote of the cruelty of the Spanish in the Americas. |
|
|
Term
| Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla |
|
Definition
| 1753-1811; Mexican priest, leader in beginning Mexican War of Independence; study of French allowed him access to Englightenment thought; led a group of indigenous and mestizo peasants in a revolt against the dominant peninsulares, a group disbanded after clashed with creoles and townspeople, he was captured and executed, but started the process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1535-1616, native Peruvian upset by spanish treatment of Natives; wrote longest critique of Spanish colonial rule by an indigenous subject in which he outlines injustices, state's spanish are just settlers, suggests king Phillip III instate natives into authority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He was a Franciscan Jesuit; one of the 12 missionaries that were sent to Evangelize the new rold. He accompanied Cortez on Journey to Honduras, was named Guardian of the convent of San Fransisco in Mexico City and believed God would protect Indians once they converted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ethnic group of native people in Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia, related to Tupi, receptive to Jesuit missionaries, thus 'civilized'. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the main ethnic groups in Brazil; common language, but divided into many tribes; when the portuguese arrived there were as many Tupi as Portuguese (1 mil). Cannibalism was an after-war ritual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People in a Quilombo settlement in Brazil, usually escaped slaves or other marginalized/oppressed non-whites. Examples include palmares |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Derogatory name given in mexico to Penunsulares (spanish born) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brazilian Blacks born in Brazil, sometimes mixed-race |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mestizo- mixed european and native ancestry; lower status than whites but higher than mixed African Ancestry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| powerful regional administrator aka "alcade mayor". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 16-18th century, "followers of the banner"; Portuguese colonial scouts in Brazil, members of slave hunting expeditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An Incan official about 4 possitions down from head of the empire, heads of clan-like family units, tax collector and help religious authority, chose wife for adult males. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Citizen) this title was in practive restricted to the encomenderos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhabitants of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. It was a Coffee economy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crown granted a person a number of natives for whom to take responsibility. The reciever was to instruct the natives in Spanish Language and Catholic Faith, in return they could exact tribute from the natives in the form of labour, gold or other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forced tribute labor for a certain amount of time per year (like one mita) |
|
|
