USSR.

One-party state, elections held but all candidates belong to the Communist party.

Industries are state-owned.

Individual rights are less important than the overall well-being of the state.

The state is responsible for sharing the wealth of the country evenly between citizens.

USA.

Democratic, more than one political party.

Business, industry and property are privately owned.

Individual rights and freedoms are important and lead to inequality between citizens.

A political, religious or otherwise theory that a group of people lives their lives by.

E.g. socialism.

UK: Churchill

USA: FDR

USSR: Stalin

UK: Clement Atlee

USA: Harry S. Truman

USSR: Joseph Stalin

1. Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan.

2. Germany and Berlin would be divided into 4 zones.

3. Hunt down and punish Nazi war criminals.

4. Free elections in liberated countries.

5. Creation of United Nations.

6. The only disagreement was over Poland. Stalin wanted the border moved west into Germany and, in turn, the Soviet border moved west into Poland. This was agreed as long as Stalin did not interfere in Greece.

1. The Red Army were occupying most of eastern Europe.

2. New US President - Truman.

3. USA had successfully tested the Atom Bomb - Truman told Stalin at the conference.

1. Germany - Stalin wanted to cripple Germany, Truman did not want a repeat of the mistakes made after WW1.

2. Reparations - 20 million Russians died in WW2. Stalin wanted compensation payments from Germany.

3. Soviets in eastern Europe - Truman was wary of Soviet influence in eastern Europe and its affect on free and fair elections.

East Germany

Poland

Czechoslovakia

Hungary

Romania

Yugoslavia

Albania

Bulgaria

Truman believed communism was born out of poverty and hardship.

After WW2 General Marshall assessed the state of the EUropean economy and suggested that $17 billion was needed to rebuild Europe.

Marshall Aid became available in 1948.

Stalin saw Marshall Aid as a threat to his control in eastern Europe. He forbade eastern European countries from taking it.

Communist Yugoslavia did accept Marshall Aid, which led to tension with the USSR.

1. Bizonia - the allies joined their zones into one western zone in Berlin. This worried Stalin as it seemed they were allying against him.

2. Deutschmark - Britain and America introduced a new currency in West Germany. This helped the country to recover but was done without consulting Stalin and gave him the impression that the west did not want a united Germany.

3. Marshall Aid - Stalin didn't want American money coming in to Berlin as it would make capitalism desireable.

in 1948 Stalin blockaded the western zones in Berlin.

All water, electricty and food supplies were stopped.

The Western Allies responded by airlifting 13,000 tonnes of supplies in every day.

1. USA formed NATO - a military alliance of friendly nations. Communist countries were not invited to join.

2. Both sides committed to keeping the peace - however, a Cold War 'Arms Race' began.

3. The USSR announced that they had successfully tested a nuclear weapon.

Communist ruler of Cuba.

Took control in 1959.

Leader of the USSR after Stalin.

At first he looked to open up greater ties with the West.

Invasion by 1400 CIA trained Cuban exiles to attempt to overthrow Castro.

Met by 20,000 Cuban troops with tanks and modern weapons.

Didn't receive air support promised by JFK.

The invasion failed disastrously.

President of the United States.

President during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Assassinated in Dallas, Texas in 1963.

JFK:

1. Krushchev publicly backed down and removed the missiles from Cuba.

2. Soviet missiles could no longer hit major US cities.

3. The Soviet ships turned around and no missile was fired.

Krushchev:

1. Showed the emerging power of the USSR and that they were equals in terms of arms.

2. Cuba remained Communist, which gave the USSR a 'sphere of influence' in South and Central America.

3. Kennedy secretly agreed to remove missiles from the US base in Turkey.

Neighbouring countries to Vietnam.

Johnson feared they would fall to communism in the Domino Theory.

US tactic.

Troops were helicoptered into Vietnamese villages in order to root out Viet Cong.

Nickname given to those search and destroy missions that ended up in the destruction of a village.

US soldiers would often burn down the village after a raid.

Highly flamable, explosive weapon.

Burns hot enough to melt steel.

Used to destroy jungle where Viet Cong were thought to be operating.

Highly toxic chemical herbicide.

Used to eradicate huge parts of jungle.

1. Containment - stopping the spread of communism.

2. Domino Theory - the idea that neighbouring countries would become communist.

3. American Politics - in 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson was going for re-election. Being tough on communism had helped the previous presidents get elected.

4. Militaryindustrial complex - big businessess in the United States made money out of warfare.

5. The Gulf of Tonkin incident - American supply ships were attacked, unprovoked, by North Vietnamese ships in 1964.

A continued bombing campaign on North Vietnam.

More bombs were dropped on Vietnam than Germany and Japan combined during WW2.

A counter-strike by NVA and Viet Cong forces during the Tet ceasefire of 1968.

10,000 Viet Cong were killed in the offensive. However, the images of wounded Americans being relayed all over the world were enough for the US to lose their appetite for war.

Lyndon B. Johnson declared that he wanted to win the 'Hearts and Minds' of the Vietnamese people during the war. However, US tactis were based on attrition - killing large numbers of the enemy.

This led the Vietnamese people to support the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese.

One hand:

1. 90% of news broadcasts were didcated to the Tet Offensive in 1968.

2. Coverage of the war was uncensored, so people saw images of what warfare was really like.

3. US Generals blamed the media for undermining the war effort.

Other hand:

1. Casualties and war weariness were more of a reason for support dropping.

2. Shocking scenes were rarely shown on TV. Less than 25% of reports showed dead or wounded soldiers.

3. In a sample of 800 boradcasts from the time, only 16% of criticism of the war came from journalists. The majority came from government officials or the public.

1. Students - 100 demonstrations in 1968, involving 40,000 students. 4 students shot and killed at Kent State University in 1970.

2. Civil Rights Campaigners - 22% of US casualties were Black Americans, only 11% of US forces were Black. 30% of African Americans were drafted, compared to just 19% of white Americans.

President after JFK was shot in 1963.

Re-elected in 1964.

Voted out in 1968, replaced by Richard Nixon.

Elected in Novemebr 1968.

Pulled American forces out of Vietnam with policy of Vietnamisation.

Signed Peace Treaty in 1973.