Term
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Definition
| % of variance is accounted for by a variable |
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Term
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Definition
| framework, viewing, understanding, approach |
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Term
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Definition
Wundt
introspection
mental table of elements |
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Term
| Problems with introspection |
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Definition
Truth value
verbal/non-verbal processing
introspective (need for cognition)
bias |
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Term
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Definition
Combining mental elements
William James
Big on evolution
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
Stanley Hall |
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Term
| Evolution and functionalism |
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Definition
Onotology recapitulates phylogeny
by studying human development, we gain insight into the species
children's behavior: games climbing agrarian behaviors animal husbandry, technology |
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Term
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Definition
| the meaning of a proposition is to be found in the practical consequences of accepting it, and that unpractical ideas are to be rejected. |
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Definition
Observables
methodological rigor: prove with data |
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Term
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Definition
SR is it
no interpretation of stimulus
reward behavior |
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Term
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Definition
rewards unreliable
at first it increases, then they stop |
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Term
| US vs. European journal qualifications |
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Definition
US= rigor
Europe: good idea |
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Term
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Definition
Schema
script
information processing: Assimilate and accomodation |
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Term
| Assimilation and accomodation |
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Definition
Assimilation: change the information or ignore information
accomodation: alter existing schema |
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Term
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Definition
Emergent properties = emerge beyond the contents
Knowledge isn't just individual, collective
team cognition |
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Term
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Definition
Gestalt
Galton
WWII
=need to learn how we think
cogitate=think |
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Term
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Definition
Statistics and rigor
social darwinist
half cousin of darwin
visual imagry test |
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Term
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Definition
breakfast test= describe your breakfast
looked for individual differences
population confounds |
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Term
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Definition
| som genetic stock is superior, reproduce for it |
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Term
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Definition
Impact of exposure to other cultures
equipment/HF
scanning
computers |
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Term
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Definition
Information processing
connectionism
evolutionary
ecological |
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Term
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Definition
metaphor: computer
input-storage-output
short term- RAM: multitasking/speed
LT-hard disk
serial processing |
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Term
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Definition
Parallel distributed processing
math
language (not serial)
neuronally inspired |
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Term
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Definition
We evolved from animals, this should be considered
Pressures of ancestors
sex differences |
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Term
| evolutionary: ancestor pressures known through? |
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Definition
archeology
antrhopology
!Kung |
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Term
| evolutionary: sex differences |
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Definition
hunters and gatheres
post-hoc |
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Term
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Definition
Exist in safari, not zoo
college sophmore are WEIRD
Lave |
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Term
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Definition
ecological validity
estimates of math
papers/pencils
grocery store: bad |
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Term
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Definition
%correct and reaction time: speed indicate relatedness
power: can you do it?
speed: individual difference
power more important
primary or secondary variable |
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Term
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Definition
Complex behavior broken down
new measures can be measured by subtracting known measures
reading is an example |
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Term
| Posner and Mitchell study |
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Definition
lexical access speed
1st task: Letter (name) match
2nd: Physical letter match
Name match- Physical
removes name lookup |
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Term
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Definition
Position 180- Position 0 = routation time for 180, not stimulus processing
3d rotation is longer |
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Term
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Definition
Simplest explanation is preferred
parsimony |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| making sense or recognizing |
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Term
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Definition
| activate existing knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
data driven theory, collects data
builds up |
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Term
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Definition
start with expectations
like degrees of freedom, more informaiton = less variability |
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Term
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Definition
| The more information I have about a situation, the less variables that could exist |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
intelligent
actively assembling hypotheses |
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Term
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Definition
Gibson
stimulus contains all the information needed for perception
affordance |
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Term
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Definition
| what the purpose inherently is |
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Term
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Definition
Visual Cliff
baby won't cross cliff
depth must be built in
repetead with kittens and younger |
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Term
| Speeding under affordance |
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Definition
use other use to determine speed limits (road, ride)
try to stop by creating illusions |
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Term
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Definition
roads
disney lines and halfwalls
doors
speed bumps |
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Term
| Pattern Recognition theories |
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Definition
template
Feature theories
prototype
exemplar
knowledge based category
structurl theory
computational theory |
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Term
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Definition
Stencils in LTM
problems: time, number of templates, orientation
serial vs. parallel procressing |
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Term
| Tarr and Pinker: hypothesis |
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Definition
1- single view: transform through rotation to match
2- Multiple view+ transformation: long term stores for typical rotations, minor tweaks needed
3- viewpoint independent: based on relations, we don't store a particular shape/orientation |
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Term
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Definition
attneave figures: teach new abstract figures at multiple orientations
test at new orientation
supports multiple view hypothesis
we can do this, not that we do |
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Term
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Definition
tetris
don't keep multiple orientations of trained objects |
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Term
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Definition
| features add up to the sum |
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Term
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Definition
Pandemonium
feature demon stage
letter demon stage
like neural activation |
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Term
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Definition
Raising cats in a selected environment
3 months: moving objects without orientations = single cell lines don't fire
recover after 3 months
6 months: recover in 6
9 months never recover
being around human faces is enough |
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Term
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Definition
The perfect example: perfact man/woman, do they fit?
family resemblence doesn't always fit
Perceptual levels: where is it maxinimally similar
Super, basic, sub categories: furniture, chair, rocker |
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Term
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Definition
A collection of representation for objects and things
tomato good example= fruit in bio and veggie in kitchen |
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Term
| Knowledge based category +author |
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Definition
odd cateogires only significant to us
we organize things in a way that makes sense to us
lakoff |
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Term
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Definition
basic/perceptual level based on expertise
dog/bird experts
expert listening to attributes of an item: respond with subordinate and specific
naming: anme specific titles in their area (eg. Dog type)
related to biases for attention |
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Term
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Definition
gestalt
recognize a pattern, we get a cue from other items
grouping principles to determine what does together |
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Term
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Definition
proximity
connectedness
similarity
closure
good continuation
movement
symmetry |
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Term
| Computational theory stages + Author |
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Definition
Marr and Nishihara
raw primal sketch/2D sketch stage
2 1/2D sketch stage
3D Model |
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Term
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Definition
Edges of figure vs. ground (gestalt)
regions of similarity
contour information using cues (distances)
no recognition, unprocessed |
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Term
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Definition
fill in depth information for own viewpoint
recognition |
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Term
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Definition
fill in information unseen (concepts)
problem with experts, fill info automatically |
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Term
| Inability to recognize faces |
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Definition
prosopagnosia
inability to go from small. Piecemeal processing to holistic |
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Term
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Definition
Prefer faces, especially symmetry
born only able to see 10 inches
most exposed to faces |
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Term
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Definition
focus not on features,
random points or edge of face
no emotion cues there |
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Term
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Definition
Impaired on faces
and complex patterns
recognizing or replicating complex objects |
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Term
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Definition
Brain imaging
activation patterns for faces similar to cars, animals, and other complex objects |
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Term
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Definition
what happens with faces happens with greebles
area developed for faces
modern world is used for many things
RT differences = faces are faster
faces processed piecemeal + holistically |
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Term
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Definition
| faster recognition of letter when in a word than alone or in a non-word |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased reaction time to object congruence |
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Term
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Definition
box model of memory
sensory memory
stm
ltm |
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Term
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Definition
Unprocessed
rapid decay
encoded on senses modality
large capacity
sense: echoic iconic kinesthetic gusatory olfactory |
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Term
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Definition
conscious experience
size: 2 seconds/ 7 items
last for 15 seconds to a few minutes
sound based information |
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Term
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Definition
Unlimited capacity
time: unlimited 'traces'
very processed semenatically |
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Term
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Definition
show grid of consonants, 50 sec is threshold and .5 secs people typically remember 4
Partial report: a tone for each line, still report 4
time matters not #
add vowels, can't do it, not processing information
unprocessed no meaning |
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Term
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Definition
dichotic listening task
two auditory messages in different ears
shadow one message
ask about unattended ear, can identify:
gender (pitch)
loudness
change language and no one notices |
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Term
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Definition
filter theory
early complete filter for information |
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Term
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Definition
Detect own name in Cherry paradigm
attenuation model: information goes into selective filter for physical properties
attenuate to message
dictionary to identify
Your name has low threshold
lowers threshold for expected word |
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Term
| Dichotic listening: ambigous messages |
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Definition
| direct messages significant change the direction of the interpretation |
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Term
| Working memory capacity in dichotic listening |
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Definition
individual differences
high WM don't hear their name, ability to focus |
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Term
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Definition
Compare two books, secret garden attended and harry potter not
something that is personally important can get in |
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Term
| Deutch and Deutsch, and Norman |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Homophones
listening without info, we don't know which one
all meanings active
fastest reaction with correct homophone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Johnston and Heing Capacity theory |
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Definition
Control what we focus
individuals differences (dysfunction)
modalities (each alone, ID too)
circumstantial dependent |
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Term
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Definition
Visual attention: fundamentally unique modality
Schema and attention interact
Childrens memories of parties |
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Term
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Definition
two overlaid videos
attending to hand clap game
Inattention to game, schema established for inattention |
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Term
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Definition
Replicate Neissers
occurs regardless of categories except when attractive
individual differences: social intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
expertise of dual tasking
Reading and dictating
Serial or parallel?
Combined had lowered RT |
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