Term
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Definition
| some improvement but not significant |
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Term
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Definition
| the more meaningful the encoding process used the better the remembering |
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Term
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Definition
| if you generate a unique image the more likely you are to remember the information |
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Term
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Definition
| if the information is encoded well enough into memory that the individual can self generate the better the information will be remembered |
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Term
| effects of intention to learn |
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Definition
| if an individual had the intention to learn the information but no other intentions they do not recall significantly better than their non-intentional counterparts. |
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Term
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Definition
| organizing information into contexts that are pertinent/relevant to the individual increase memory recall. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Reinstating the learning context provides cues that help retrieval of info from memory
Overlap between encoding and retrieval situations leads to better memory |
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Term
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Definition
| More general knowledge about things; information that has been abstracted away from the particular episodes that led to their formation. |
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Term
| How is semantic memory thought to be organized? |
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Definition
| Structure: Nodes organized according to relatedness |
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Term
| How is info thought to be accessed from semantic memory? |
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Definition
"Access: Spreading activation
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Term
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Definition
| A stored framework or body of knowledge about some topic |
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Term
| 2 Types of Relationships in a collins and quillians network |
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Definition
1) Is A relationships (categorical/Superordinate)
2) property relationships (characteristics/Property) |
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Term
| 2 components of in a collins and quillians network |
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Definition
"1)Structure- hierarchical, nodes in network
2) Access- Spreading activation through network" |
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Term
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Definition
"SPREADING ACTIVATION
-It takes time for activation to spread
--It should take longer to make a decision about whether a canary is an animal than about whether a canary is a bird.
-The farther it spreads, the weaker it gets
-Activation decays across time |
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Term
| empirical proof for the collins and & quillian model |
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Definition
| ": Present a sentence, Ss makes yes no decisions, RT is measured" |
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Term
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Definition
"Typical members of a category are judged more quickly than atypical members
-Reaction times were faster for objects rated higher in prototypicality. |
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Term
| The Revised Network Model |
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Definition
| Distances reflect differing degrees of relatedness and account for typicality effects. |
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Term
| " what a priming task is, and what is examined" |
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Definition
"Prime then target
Looks at how processing of the target influenced by earlier processing of the prime
RTs are FASTER when category prime than when letter prime |
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Term
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Definition
| "based on form of stimulus, used for match between earlier and later stimuli. " |
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Term
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Definition
| " based on meaning of stimulus, used for semantic tasks." |
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Term
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Definition
| the prime and the target are from the same semantic category and share features |
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Term
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Definition
| "the target is a word that has a high probability of appearing with the prime, and is ""associated"" with it but not necessarily related in semantic features" |
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Term
| "Letter-Category vs. Category-Letter priming tasks (Freedman & Loftus, 1971)" |
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Definition
| Response Times are faster when category prime than when letter prime |
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Term
| Lexical Decision task: (What is it? What has been shown with it?) |
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Definition
"Task is to decide, is this a word or a nonword
Similar to stroop effect:
Accessing a word = accessing its meaning |
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Term
| related vs.. Unrelated word pairs |
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Definition
"Results of Meyer and Schvandveldt's (1971) experiment.
Participants responded faster for words that were more closely associated.
Demonstrates there is semantic network |
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Term
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Definition
| Priming speeds up RT performance |
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Term
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Definition
| Priming slows down RT performance |
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Term
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Definition
"Used lexical Decision Task
Related, unrelated, neutral pairs
Evidence for both facilitation and inhibition" |
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Term
| Semantic Priming Paradigm |
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Definition
"target words are presented for identification in the context of related or unrelated prime words.
the target is recognized more quickly when the prime is semantically related rather than unrelated,
even when the prime is masked and subjects claim not to have seen it." |
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Term
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Definition
| stereotype representations |
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Term
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Definition
"knowledge representations
including things like stereotype representations |
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Term
| Bartlett's study-what it showed |
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Definition
Gist memory
change story to fit their existing knowledge |
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Term
| How does the role of pre-existing knowledge in the formation of new memories affect what we remember about new information? |
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Definition
Interaction
integrate (proactive interference) related concepts into one memory (MENINGFUL UNIT) |
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Term
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Definition
| helps detract from traumatic experiences |
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Term
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Definition
loss of detail results in unreliable recall of memory accurately
fill in the blanks based on schemas |
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Term
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Definition
"Gist memory (Matlin demo)
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Term
| What did the in-class demo show for sentence memory |
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Definition
The class demo showed that we recalled sentences being presented that were not presented.
The sentences were just similar in GIST to the sentences presented. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proactive and Retroactive Interference |
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Term
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Definition
| False memory is the creation or implantation of a memory that did not occur in reality. |
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Term
| How can it be induced in a laboratory setting (Roediger & McDermott's 1995 study)? |
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Definition
"By taping into the individual's semantic network, the researcher can pick items from a category that fits with other words/items presented in the encoding phase.
The items in the semantic network will be activated making it easier for the individual to recall the words/items as being presented in the encoding phase. " |
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Term
| What factors have been shown to contribute to distortions of memory? |
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Definition
"Critical lure
intergrate semantic with episodic
gist memory and false memory
leading questions |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to recall words associated with presented information |
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Term
| integrate semantic with episodic |
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Definition
| presented information relates to not presented information but because of the close association the not presented information is remembered as being presented (SEMANTIC ACTIVATION). |
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Term
| Gist memory and False memory |
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Definition
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Term
| leading question are a form of and |
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Definition
| (RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE) use of language to influence how memories are recalled |
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Term
| How are laboratory-induced distortions of memory related to real-world situations? Which real-world phenomena in particular and how? |
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Definition
" FALSE MEMORY
People being released from death row;
eyewitness mistakes,
leading questions,
misinformation effect;
uncovering repressed memories" |
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Term
| Amnesia: how do amnesics tend to perform on explicit tasks? Implicit tasks? (5) |
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Definition
"Amnesics perform terribly in explicit memory experiments (recall, recognition).
demonstrated memory for studied items when tested INDIRECTLY
completed stems with more words from the study list than would have been expected from random guessing, performed comparably to normal Ss in this regard
appeared unaware that they were using words from the study list
Amnesics show repetition priming despite no awareness of earlier episodes |
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Term
| tasks to measure explicit |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
"Word stems/Word Fragment
Completion: given study words, then test words, studied/unstudied" |
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Term
| what does implicit measure (and its other name) |
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Definition
(repetition priming)
� Word stem completion
� Word fragment completion
� Perceptual Identification |
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Term
| Perceptual indentification |
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Definition
"study list of 15 words, test lists of 30 words (� studied, � unstudied), each item is rapidly flashed & masked, asked to identify flashed word
� amnesiacs show repetition priming despite no awareness of earlier episodes |
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Term
| Some factors that have been shown to benefit explicit memory do not benefit implicit memory |
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Definition
| Generation effects Context |
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Term
| Memory under anesthesia: problems |
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Definition
| " problems--doses were not reported, hypnosis is highly sensitive to suggestion. " |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| "the connection between symbols & what they represent is arbitrary (though there are exceptions, as noted in class)." |
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Term
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Definition
| "we give names to things by inventing new words, and we also change meanings (i.e. monitor, cookie)" |
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Term
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Definition
| "with language we are not �stuck� in the present moment, we can communicate about the past and the future." |
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Term
| productivity/generativity |
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Definition
| "we invent sentences as we speak them, we don�t just �replay� them like a tape recorder." |
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Term
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Definition
| "smallest meaningful unit of language (e.g., a word, or even a prefix or suffix like �ing.�)" |
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Term
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Definition
| basic sounds of a language |
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Term
| How are consonant sounds made |
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Definition
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Term
| How are vowels sounds made |
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Definition
| alter airflow without disruption of airflow |
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Term
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Definition
| the phonemes coming both before and after a given phoneme influence how that one will actually sound�how do we know this? (coarticulation). |
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Term
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Definition
| "The sounds of speech vary a great deal (e.g., the �a� sound in �BAG� is different from the �a� sound in �NAG.� " |
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