Term
| Stroop effect (Stroop Test) |
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Definition
| The finding that it takes longer to name the color of the ink a word is printed in when the word is the name of a competing color (word red printed in blue ink)Demonstrates the interference that automatic processing of words has on the controlled task of just naming colors. Shows that we can only focus on ONE signal at a time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The focusing of aspects of attention-we pay attention to some things and ignore others. "Cocktail Paty Phenomenon. |
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Term
| Types of Bottle Neck Theories |
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Definition
1. Broadbent's Filter Model
2. Triesman's Attenuation Model
3. Deutsch & Deutsch Late Selection Model |
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Term
| Dichotic listening test (Broadbent's Filter Model) |
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Definition
| Messages are presented to the left and right ears and the subject attempts to shadow just one ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| bottleneck occurs at the pattern recognition stage and that attention determines what info. reaches the pattern recognition stage. The selected info is consciously recognized, info. not selected is blocked out from further processing. Physical characteristics determin attention (bright, loud) |
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Term
| Problems with Broadbent's Model |
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Definition
| Sometimes attention does not follow the input source. During Dichotic listening test the participant may recite info from both ears. |
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Term
| Treisman's Attenuation Model |
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Definition
| Selection is an interactive process that involves two stages (selective filter & dictionary). In order to recognize, info much reach a certain threshold. |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the perceived loudness of an unattended message. |
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Term
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Definition
| distinguishes between info on the basis of their physical characteristics in Treisman's Attenuational Model. |
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Term
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Definition
| The recognition of info in Treisman's Attenuation Model. |
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Term
| Problems with Treisman's Attenuation Model |
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Definition
| the full meaning vs. partial meaning bunny picture |
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Term
| Deutsch Late Selection Model |
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Definition
| Selection occurs after pattern recognition. Selection is related to memory and to conscious representations of info (it is not related to perception). Bottle Neck occurs when info is selected for memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory Store-> Filter-> Pattern Recognition-> Selection-> Short Term Memory (STM) |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of available processing capacity of cognitive systems vary. Different mental activities require different amounts of processing capacity.Limited capacity is controlled by enduring dispositions and momentary intentions. |
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Term
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Definition
| an automatic influence where people direct their attention. |
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Term
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Definition
| a conscious decision to allocated attention to certain tasks or aspects of the environment. |
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Term
| Kahneman's Capacity Model |
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Definition
| Helped supplement the bottleneck theories. says that simutaneous activities interfere, a capacity model says that the interference occurs when the demands of two activities exceed available capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Inverted U Relationship." Arousal level for peak performance varies with tast difficulty. Less arousal is needed to perform a hard task and more arousal is needed to perform an easy task. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of perception during which a stimulus is identified. |
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Term
| Gibson's Perceptual Continuum |
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Definition
Information->Stimulation->Pattern\
(Bottom Up Approach) |
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Term
| Gibson's Direct Perception Theory |
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Definition
| All one needs for perception to occur is a visual system and an environment to operate in. Gibson felt it was not necessary to use top down processing. (ex. 3D effect of an optical illusion, cant really be 3D because it is on paper but looks 3D) |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposes that there are (unanalyzed) templates stored in our long-term memory, which are then matched to the object. Problem: Templates cannot deal with pattern variation (diff people's handwriting of the letter R). It is inconceivable that we could have that many templates in the brain for all recognizable patterns and their variations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bottom up processing. Proposes that we store and use a manageable number of prototypes (structures representing basic or crucial elements of stimulus types). Useful for face recognition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bottom up processing. Proposes that each visual stimulus is made up of many parts. Recognition is based on analyzing these features or naming the parts (describing a friend as having long blode hair, a short nose, and bushy eyebrows or visual tasks where the target letter is picked up quick in a list of dissimilar rather than in similar distracters). Problem: Can't explain our perception of impossible figures or patterns lacking critical features. (elephant with too many legs picture and the "triangles" with no borders) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bottom up processing. Specifies how the features of a pattern are joined to other features of the pattern (the suitcase-drawer, cup-bucket) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gestalt Principles and Context Effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Top down processing. Figure and ground, Similarity, closure ("triangles" again)and proximity |
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Term
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Definition
| Top down processing. "THE CAT" written out having the H and A look similar but you know what it says because of the context it is in. |
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