Term
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Definition
| a syndrome occurring primarily in cases of severe, chronic alcoholism. It is caused by thiamine (vitamin B) deficiency and damage to the Mammilary Bodies. Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome demonstrate dense Anterograde Amnesia and Retrograde Amnesia that are thought to be due to lesions in the anterior or Dorsomedial Nuclei of the thalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| relative lack of memories from early (before 5) childhood. Why? The differing nature of childhood and later memories (non-verbal, verbal), lack of sense of self, coded wrong, hippocampus is still immature. |
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Term
| Adaptive Strategy Choice Model |
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Definition
| a theoretical model that postulates the existence of multiple strategies of problem solving within a child's cognitive repertoire and describes how use of these strategies changes over time. According to this model, strategies compete with one another for use: With time and experience, more efficient strategies are used more frequently, whereas less efficient strategies are used less frequently but never totally disappear. |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability of young children to use a strategy to benefit task performance even if it is taught to them. |
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Term
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Definition
in problem solving, failure to find the right or best strategy for completing a task, as opposed to failure in implementing it.
The inability of children to make spontaneous use of a strategy that they are capable of using when instructed. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the inability of individuals to improve task performance by using strategies that they have already acquired and demonstrated the ability to use because they are not spurred to do so by memory. |
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Term
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Definition
speech to oneself that guides one's thoughts and behaviors
speech to self out loud
speech that is apparently not directed to others or in which there is no attempt to exchange thoughts or take into account another person's point of view. |
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Term
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Definition
| speech used with the intent to communicate |
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Term
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Definition
speech high in concrete content words without the if's, but's and and's.
condensed or abbreviated speech in which only the most central words, carrying the highest level of information, are spoken. |
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Term
| Nativist Perspective on Language |
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Definition
| argue that we are biologically prepared to learn language and gradually in time we will do so with some domain specific set of learning mechanism. |
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Term
| Interactionist Perspective on Language |
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Definition
believe that children are:
1. predisposed to acquire language
2. have a predisposition toward universal grammar
3. have a critical period
BUT they also believe that the social environment plays a greater role than the Nativists. |
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Term
| Language Acquisition Device |
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Definition
believed by Chomsky
a built-in mechanism for acquiring language, that is somewhere in the brain - this operates like the heart or liver. |
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Term
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Definition
typically takes longer for child to learn - 2 major advantages are
1. more elaborate communicative and comprehension ability
2. learn cognitive flexibility |
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Term
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Definition
sounds used in a particular language.
ex: "b" as in bottle, bah, baba |
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Term
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Definition
| rules used to derive meaning from sentences. Language can represent objects, actions, events, and ideas symobolically. |
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Term
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Definition
rules that specify how we combine words into sentences.
e.g. adjective comes before noun in English (white house) - in Spanish - adjective comes after noun (casa blanca) |
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Term
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Definition
how a language is used appropriately in different social contexts
e.g. when to say what to whome.
Thus refers to knowledge about how language can be used and adjusted to fit different circumstances (using different tones).
Knowing phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics of language does one little good in communicating with out pragmatics |
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Term
| Sensitive/Critical Periods |
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Definition
| because children are better at acquiring both 1st and 2nd language than adults - suggests a critical period for learning language |
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Term
| 4 Types of Evidence for a Sensitive/Critical Period |
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Definition
1. Children socially deprived during infancy and early childhood, demonstrate only tenuous mastery of language, ex. Genie
2. Language Proficiency is determined by age of mastery
3. Sign Language - proficiency is related to age of first exposure
4. Brain Damage - Plasticity in the early years |
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Term
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Definition
| the weakening of a response to a stimulus, or the diminished effectiveness of a stimulus, following repeated exposure to the stimulus |
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