Term
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of ocular ointments? |
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Definition
-Advantages: provide longer lubrication, easier to administer in large animals
-Disadvantages: greasy film around the eye, contraindicated for deep corneal ulcers or corneal perforations |
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Term
| What are the advantages of ocular solutions? |
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Definition
-easier to administer in small animals
-required for the treatment of nasolacrimal disease |
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Term
| What is the 5 minute rule of opthalmology? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which order do we apply ocular medications? |
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Definition
| -solutions in aqueous base, then solutions in oil base, then ointments |
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Term
| When do we use a ssubpalpebral lavage system? |
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Definition
-large animals
-panful eyes
-frequent treatments |
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Term
| When do we use subvonjuncitval (bulbar) drug administration? |
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Definition
-when you want a higher concentration of drug than topical therappy alone can achieve, usually administered once followed by topical therapy
-when only a single treatment can be administered |
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Term
| What is the major clinical concern with subconjunctival administration of a drug? |
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Definition
| - CANNOT DISCONTINUE THE DRUG |
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Term
| What are the topical steroidals? When do we use them? |
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Definition
-Prednisolone, dexamethasone
-inflammation of the cornea or anterior uvea |
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Term
| When do we use oral steroidals? |
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Definition
| -inflammation of the anterior uvea, choroid, retina, optic nerve |
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Term
| What are the topical non-steroidals? When do we use them? |
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Definition
-Flurbiprofen, diclofenac, ketorolac
-weaker anti-inflammatory effects but works on inflammation of the anterior uvea |
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Term
| What are the oral non-steroidals? When do we use them? |
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Definition
-carprofen, meloxicam (SA), flunixin (LA)
-anti-prostaglandins = very good for anterior uveal inflammation |
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Term
Are topical steroids or topical NSAIDs more potent?
. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: It is perfect alright to use a systemic steroid and a systemic NSAID together. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: It is perrfectly alright to use a topical steroid and a topical NSAID together. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or FAlse: It is perfectlly alright to use a topical steroind and a systemic NSAID together and vice versa. |
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Definition
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Term
| Do systemic NSAIDs have an analgesic effect? |
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Definition
| -YES, but topical NSAIDs do not |
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Term
| Glaucoma is an increased pressure inside the eye. What are the two routes of medical therapy? |
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Definition
-decreasing production of aqueous fluid in the eye at ciliary body
-increasing th eoutflow of aqueous fluid from the eye |
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Term
| What are the two types of drugs that decrease aqueous production and examples of each. |
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Definition
-Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: dorzolamide, brinzolamide
-Beta adrenergic antagonists: timolol |
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Term
| What type of drugs increase aqueous outflow? By which pathway? Which species? |
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Definition
-Prostaglandin analogs
-increase outflow through the uveoscleral pathway
-very potent in dogs for primary glaucoma, but not effective in horses and only weakly effective in cats |
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Term
| What is the major side effect of prostaglandin analogs in dogs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the contraindications for use of prostaglandin analogs? |
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Definition
-flaucoma secondary to anterior uveitis
-glaucoma secondary to an anterior lens luxation |
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Term
| What drug do we use for diagnostic mydriasis? Time of onset? Duration? |
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Definition
-Tropicamide
-15-20 mins
-few-several hours |
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Term
| What druf do we use for terapeutic mydriasis? Time of onset? duration? |
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Definition
-Atropine
-few hours
-up to 14 days in a healthy ey |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action of Atropine? What does it cause? |
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Definition
-cholinergic antagonist in the parasympathetic control of smooth muscles
-causes iris sphncter m to relax and ciliary body to relax = dilated pupil |
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Term
| What are the side effects of Atropine? |
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Definition
-Equine: unusual idiosyncratic colic
-Dogs and cats: transient hypersalivation due to bitter tase |
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Term
| What are the contraindications of mydriatic drugs? Any for just Atropine? |
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Definition
-Glaucoma: potentiates high pressure
-Lens instability: allows unstable lens to fall anteriorly through the pupil
-Atropine should not be given to a colicing horse |
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Term
| What are the contraindications for neomycin-containing medication? |
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Definition
| -cats: can cuase idiosyncratic anaphylactic shock |
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Term
| What are the contraindications for topical steroids? |
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Definition
| -corneal ulceration, corneal abscess, active ocular herpes virus infection |
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Term
| What are the contraindications for topical non-steroidals? |
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Definition
| -high intraocular pressure, corneal ulceration |
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Term
| What are the contraindications for Latanoprost? |
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Definition
| -anterior lens displacement, intraocular inflammation |
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Term
| What are the contraindications ofmydriatics? |
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Definition
| -high intraocular presser, lens instaiblity |
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