Term
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Definition
Bochner
Serves only in short term situations
Serves students and professors
Business model vs. liberal arts model |
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Definition
Adler and Van Doren
Reading should be an active conversation
Reading should NOT be seen as stuff that has to be done
Owning it means being mentally involved and making the book a part of yourself
Books/writing are forms of persuasion |
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Term
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Definition
Fish
Flawed cultural assumption of the purpose of writing
All our opinions are interesting
It should be about the audience
Purpose of writing is conversation, communication, and persuasion NOT self-expression |
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Term
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Definition
Adler and Van Doren
Having a conversation with the author
Asking questions
NOT scanning from beginning to end |
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Term
| Persuasion (Woodward and Denton) |
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Definition
| a conscious attempt by one individual or group to change the attitudes, beliefs, or the behavior of another individual or group through the transmission of a message |
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Term
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Definition
W&D
Leader of a US cult, The People’s Temple
mass suicide in S.A. (900)
used words like “exploiters”
Attacked people through activities to make them feel special |
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Term
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Definition
W&D
Even apparently fluent and effective messages will usually produce only limited effects in their intended receivers
6% rule |
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Term
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Definition
W&D
Erving Goffman - sociologist
We want to be liked and have our ideas accepted, want to be respected and valued
When people try to control the perceptions of how others view them
Wants acceptance
Roles we hold
Making our actions and attitudes acceptable to others
Micropersuasion
Ex. Facebook |
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Term
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Definition
W&D 18-19
Desire to speak one’s mine rather than have others agree or disagree
Gives feelings an outward form
Very egocentric
Venting
Low expectations of influencing the audience |
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Term
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Definition
W&D
Kenneth Burke
Ultimate identification
Persuaders are pure in purpose
Doesn’t seek advantage over others
Believed not just understood |
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Term
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Definition
W&D 34
“Man is the measure of all things”
Issues are generally about preferences rather than truths or ultimate answers
People should be able to judge what is just
Audiences can distinguish wisdom and “puffery” in public debate |
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Term
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Definition
Karl Popper
Society where people base decisions on the authority of their own intelligence
Members have the right to make choices
Permit discussion and criticism, respond to public opinion, use juries, debate on diverse matters, foster competition, organize groups to seek change
No society is truly open – technology is pushing toward openness |
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Term
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Definition
W&D
Should we all have access to using our free speech through the mass media?
The battleground for public opinion has shifted from the town council meetings to the broadcast news and daily papers.
Ordinary citizens have limited access to medias where they could have an opportunity to shape public opinion |
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Term
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Definition
W&D 60
Classification of the functions of language
Each associated with either source, channel, message, receiver, language, thought
Emotive speech - source (speaker)
Phatic speech - deals with information and ideas (message)
Rhetorical speech - the most complex, seeks to influence, language of politicians, sales people, clergy (receiver) |
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Term
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Definition
W&D 71-74
Misuse of public language by government, public, and corporate officials
Hides true meaning or intent of the speaker
Destroys relationships by corrupting thought |
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Term
| Universal-Humanitarian Ethics |
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Definition
W&D
Attempts to identify universal, concrete guidelines for interaction
Wisdom, morality, rationality, character
Goes beyond concerns for democracy |
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Term
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Definition
W&D
Social drama, vision, and storytelling interact to construct community values, dynamic nature of ethical considerations
Provides rationale for action and social definitions
If we learn to interact through narratives, then we also learn ethical ways of being with others, ways that influence our communications
Personal experience as life-narrative |
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Term
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Definition
W&D
Aristotle
Spell out logical relationships based on generally accepted opinions
Contingent on audience acceptance
Part of the argument is missing because it is assumed
Unstated assumption that must be true to get to the end
Ex. “All humans are mortal. Socrates is human.” (Assumed – “Socrates is mortal.”) |
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Definition
W&D
Attacks on persuader rather than subject |
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Term
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Definition
W&D
Assumption that because 2 events occur together, one has caused the other
Easy to mistake correlation for causation
Fallacy committed when an argument mistakenly attempts to establish a causal connection; A causes B without real proof |
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Term
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Definition
W&D
Assumption that because 2 events occur together, one has caused the other
Easy to mistake correlation for causation
Fallacy committed when an argument mistakenly attempts to establish a causal connection; A causes B without real proof |
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Term
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Definition
Processing Politics - Learning from Television in the Internet Age
Television has ability to connect people with current events
Can enrich audience understanding, we are smarter than the credit we are given
Americans prefer television news |
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Term
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Definition
Postman, chapter 1
“error of omission” allows someone to play up only 1 side of an issue
This omission of certain into technology is one technique of persuasion |
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Term
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Definition
Postman
TV changes the structure of discourse
Fragmentation distorts truth
Information expected to be viewed as entertainment |
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Term
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Definition
Sources correctly identified
Accurate information
All of the information given for this type of propaganda is direct and correct
No “false information to persuade”
Ex. the home coverage of the Olympic games - how the Olympics in China made Beijing look incredible |
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Term
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Definition
False sources, lies, fabrications and deceptions
what we generally think of as propaganda |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which a social order remains stable by generating consent to its parameters through the production and distribution of ideological texts that define social reality for the majority of people |
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Term
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Definition
Jowett and O’Donnell
Communication involving two or more people that affects all those
involved; personal interaction
Persuasion with involves everyone, not just the one speaking
Audience helps to create meaning |
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Term
| Persuasion (Jowett and O’Donnell) |
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Definition
Persuasion is transactional
Dynamic process of co-creating meaning
Seeks voluntary change. The audience must accept that they will do the change, or it will not happen. You cannot force the audience to change if they do not volunteer it
Persuasion benefits all the parties involved. It does not just benefit the persuader |
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Term
| Propaganda (Jowett and O’Donnell) |
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Definition
Manipulate cognitions and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the intent of the propagandist
Unidirectional
Promotes adherence to one specific ideology by limiting options
Only benefits the persuader. |
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Term
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Definition
Character of speaker
Affects believability of speaker
Gain audience trust
If the persuader sees the world in the same terms as the audience, they will accept the speaker |
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Term
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Definition
Credibility and authority
Source of credibility can affect the acceptance of the message |
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Term
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Definition
Use of special symbols and technical jargon to communicate special authority and expertise
Discourage opinions different than the persuaders
Succeed by offering impressive but not fully understood vocabulary
Symbol as a way of pulling rank |
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