Computer cannot be in isolation
-> perform portable
-> add memory, network sharing, process capacity

-> centralized data storage to netwroked interactive power sharing
 

Winston

what factors led to the creation of the computer? Also, what challenges were faced in bringing the home computer into the market (see pg 236)?

Money - business + expenses

 Standards -> innovation, business, competition

Impact on society for transistor -> faster

need inside home-> networks, word process

Winston

How does Winston end the article? Do you agree with his argument? If you would like to take this further, can this hype and revolutionary rhetoric be seen in today's interaction between society and technology?

Winston doesnt see benefit in computer
- too much technological determinist morals and values
- wheres promised revolutional technology like paperless office?
- need regular daily activities

Argument -> 1998, has revolutionized, but no one acts upon it. we blame it all on technology but dont look at hardware.

Techno-meritocratic Culture

- technology essential to mans progression
- networking (internet) benefits providers
- man + computer = communication
- technological discovery
- discoverys relevance (usefulness)

- sharing openly (or else hinder productivity) 

The Hacker Culture

The Virtual Communitarian Culture

The Entrepreneurial Culture

Business -> internet advantage -> expansion
- profit culture off masses, new market
- money on ideas instead of sharing
- entrepreneur supply idea and capitalists supply fund
 -  money drives this culture, success measures

- information sold to high bidder
-  use hacker/meritocratic/communitarian for gain

follow the trail easier than veering off the path saying maybe you will get to that.

Things cannot “never” change but it emphasizes the creation of institutional practices.

Easier to modify on earlier stages than late. 
- formed through periods of pliability then stability. institutions evolve through this and adapt to it. if changed then hard to adapt.  

permanent visibility and auto function of power
- perception of power even if no one watching 

- more commonplace in society (cameras, surveillance)
- corporations+instituions - sharing info, monitoring of websites,  

Improve understanding through reason

i.e. reason by defining, review and evaluate premise by what it is implying.
- find tools to rational reasonably question
- unpack assertions lead to factors and questions
- not x=y, what is x, what are levels of x 

Benkler’s Wealth of 

Networks

Alternative new media 

and activism

new media make use of hybrid/recombinant 

technologies: “new media are the product of 

people’s ideas, decisions, and actions, as they 

merge old and new technologies, uses, and 

purposes.” (Lievrouw)

activist new media employ or modify 

the communication artifacts, practices, and social 

arrangements of new information and 

communication technologies to challenge or alter 

dominant, expected, or accepted ways of doing 

society, culture, and politics.” (Lievrouw: 19)

Reprogramming 

networks

“By bringing new information, new practices, and 

new actors into the political system, political 

insurgents challenge the inevitability of politics as 

usual and regenerate the roots of our fledgling 

democracy. In both instances, they alter existing 

power relationships and introduce new sources of 

decision-making about who gets what and what is 

the meaning of what we get

Convergence: “the flow of content across multiple 

media platforms, the cooperation between 

multiple media industries, and the migratory 

behavior of media audiences who will go almost 

anywhere in search of the kinds of entertainment 

experiences they want.

top-down corporate-driven process: “Media 

companies are learning how to accelerate the flow 

of media content across delivery channels to 

expand revenue opportunities [...]

bottom-up consumer-driven process: “Consumers 

are learning how to use these different media 

technologies to bring the flow of media more fully 

under their control and to interact with other 

consumers.” (Jenkins

Expert paradigm and 

collective intelligence

Debeer

 Network Neutrality in the Great White North (And its impact on Canadian culture). Telecommunications Journal of Australia,59(2), 24.21-24.19.

Lange 

Publicly Private and Privately Public: Social Networking on YouTube. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 361-380.

People have profiles links
Publicly Private,(yourself, talk about inside jokes)

Privately public (conceal identity, talk about issues)

Lawrence Lessig 

 Conclusion. Free Culture: The nature and future of creativity (pp. 257-329).]] New York: Penguin.

New innovators have freedom to develop new ways to deliver content
- Copyright holders be paid for content they distributed

- our culture is very owned and first time it is very accepted. 
- creative commons 

Jenkins 

Why Heather can Write: Media literacy and the Harry Potter wars. Convergence Culture: Where old and new media collide (pp. 175-216). New York: New York University Press.

- books are matter and have incited people to develop literacy skills.
- the daily prophet -> online community site where kids can use imagination to learn and write literature with fictional personas. Inspiration to expand skill outside of traditional education.
- no adult control, outside classroom
- people learn more with popular culture than textbook, participate more actively.
- informal learning culture = affinity space
- online feedback = better writing… what if everyone did that?

-          Agency of children- they choose the pace, peer review + beta reading, freedom of expression, creativity, creates horizontal structure
taxonomy
folksonomy – They use this informal system and do not follow the theoretical structures of education. 

Challenging the experts
- Wikipedia as a bottom up example; digital divide all about access.

-          Collaboration/ crowdsourcing.
open source

-           Creative commons

 Social media/ common knowledge use folksonomies to sort and organize information. (bottom up)
- i.e. tagging, linking, bookmarking.

CGAT - capitalism, globalisation, acceleration, technology
- network society
- knowledge society

- technological determinism and social shaping 

“The management style is protocol, the principle 

of organization native to computers in distributed 

networks.

[In combination with distributed 

networks and computers, they] come together to 

define a new apparatus of control that has 

achieved importance at the start of the new 

millennium.” (Galloway 2004)

Consensus
open
transparent

Flexible 

Machine understandable information
protocol that understands meaning  

some of the cultures come head to head with other culture/ideas of how they work.  Galloway – develop a way of meta-tagging all the information on the way to more easily determine what information is valid and useful.
- develop system to meta-tag information

- we could say that one of the points when shift away from the pure four core shaping the internet towards a more commercial oriented, democratic.. broadly oriented is arrival of web2.0.

- used to promote encourage other direction and meanings around hwo people should think of the internet and allow them to engage in different way. Create emphasis on a direction, hyped but tahts the point. Technological imaginary -> discourse and a way to frame technology in the way its used, constructs way meaning is used and shaped. 

“chris Anderson” – idea that in the past, cultural industries or businesses in general had to focus on selling as much as they could of a certain product. Idea being that a bookstore or publisher would essentially sell as many book as they can to make money.
- with internet, businesses able to tap into the long tail. i.e. amazon allowed them through the internet, to sell that 1 obscure copy of book no one wants and as well as the harry potter series. People have access to the one book just as easily to the popular harry potter book. 

- idea shaped web2.0 morality.