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| writer's attitude toward the readers as well as subject of the story; elements include diction (word choice), syntax (word/sentence placement), imagery; may be formal, informal, intimate, solemn, somber, playful, serious or other attitudes |
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| expressing those attitudes we imply in our voice/words in our writing; ex: i really love the longer days at work, it fits right in with my 2 hour long commute |
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| helps set tone for a text; addressing a different audience sets a different tone |
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| An author can use staccato words, choppy sentences, and clipped paragraphs to create a frenzied, frantic rhythm in the text. Similarly, monosyllabic words, succinct sentences and paragraphs can indicate honest, journalistic view of subject. |
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| always moving forward; have to separate story time from that of the text; Textual time is both spatial and conventional - we read from left to right one word at a time, one sentence at a time and so on until we reach the end. |
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| accelerate: Once temporal pace established, author can speed up events in the story (a page can be few min. in the life of the character, and on the next use a variety of techniques, most notably ellipsis, the author can make years pass); decelerate:An author can slow the already established pace of text through the use of detailed description |
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| Number of times an event appears in the story; Author can repeat an event, it can be identical or from various points of view ;An author can also suggest that an event has happened before and can happen again |
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| the action, what happened?; can sometimes be episodic (a series of connected episodes/events) |
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| introduction of characters, situation, setting |
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| where conflict is developed, tension increases until Climax |
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| turning point of situation, change in protagonist; decisive moment; highest tension/drama |
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| conflict resolved; the 'unknotting'; falling action; final resolution |
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| actor in literary work - does not have to appear in text, can be referred to; animals and objects can be characters as well; protagonist/antagonist are main characters |
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| time + place of a narrative; gives cultural connection; may interact with characters |
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| who is narrating the story to us; first (I), second (you), third (he/she/it), third person omniscient (told by storyteller not in story at all but knows all the facts), third person subjective (i.e. Gabriel in 'The Dead') |
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| dictionary definitions of words |
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| suggested meanings of word/phrase; far more dependent on context (we use context of word to figure out meaning) |
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| suggested meanings of word/phrase; far more dependent on context (we use context of word to figure out meaning) |
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| way words create sensory phenomena (5 senses); ex: description of Aunt Julie from 'The Dead' or description of a hot summer's day |
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| images, words, ideas that reoccur in the story; ex: the snow in 'The Dead' |
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| image that relates to the same thing; ex: faceless figures cloaked in black with scythe = death |
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