Term
| What is a horizontal branch defect? What does it look like? |
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Definition
| occluded bran in the central retinal artery. cuts off lower half (horizonal cut in vision) of one eye |
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Term
| What is unilateral blindness? What does it look like? |
|
Definition
Optic nerve lesion or lesion of eye.
Blind in one eye |
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Term
| What is bitemporal hemianopsia? |
|
Definition
lesion on optic chiasm
occludes temporal portion of each eye (tunnel vision) |
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Term
| What is a lesion on the optic tract lesion look like? |
|
Definition
| cuts vision in both eyes on same side. (ex: can only see out of left side of each eye) |
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Term
| What would a lesion on the optic radiation or temporal lobe look like? |
|
Definition
| can be partial or complete. Cuts vision in half (hemianopsia) or a quarter out. |
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Term
| Where can eye pressure come from? |
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Definition
| cilliary body, aquesous humor, cilliary muscles, or canal of schlemm |
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Term
What is acute glaucoma?
what should you do about it? |
|
Definition
fluid blockage, one side severe, deep ache, sudden onset, diminished vision.
STAT ophthalmology referral |
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Term
| what does one see in acute glaucoma |
|
Definition
ciliary injection, cloudy cornea,
aniscornia (fixed pupil), enlarged physiologic cupping, |
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Term
|
Definition
| gradual decreased vision in one or both eyes. |
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Term
| what increases the risk for cataracts? |
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Definition
| aging, smoking, DM, chronic steroid use |
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Term
When would you suspect a retinal detachment?
what should you do about it? |
|
Definition
bright flashes of light in peripheral vision), blurred vision, floaters, shadow of blindness, intraocular pressure, fundoscopy
STAT opthamology referral |
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Term
| What is the retina and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| changes light into electrical signals and sends via optic nerve to brain to interpret |
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Term
|
Definition
| millions of light-sensing, cells for sharp, central vision, most sensitive part of the retina |
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Term
| What is macular degeneration? |
|
Definition
| gradual loss of central vision. darkened, blurred, or distorted. dry and wet version. |
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Term
| what increases the risk for macular degeneration? |
|
Definition
| smoking, family hx, aging |
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Term
| what can help prevent macular degeneration? |
|
Definition
green leafy diet and exercise
vitamin C, E, zinc oxide
cupric oxide, beta-carotene, lutein, omega 3 |
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Term
|
Definition
end organ damage d/t long term effects.
see floaters, blurred vision, hard to see at night. seen in diabetes militus & htn |
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Term
| When would you suspect non-proliferative retinopathy with DM? |
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Definition
| microanurisms, hard exudates, cotton wool patches, tortuous vessels |
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Term
| When would you suspect proliferative retinopathy with DM? |
|
Definition
| neovasculariztion, vision loss, distorted macula |
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Term
| What would you see in retinopathy associated with HTN? |
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Definition
| AV nicking, copper wiring, cotton wool (infartcted nerve fibers) hemorrhage, papilledea, hyperemic disc |
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Term
| What would you suspect of the ear if there was no fever or pain, & the TM was translucent, accenttuated ossicles, and you saw effusion & bubbles |
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Definition
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Term
| What would you suspect in the ear if you saw worsening ear pain, no cone of light, erythematous, injection, buldging, perforations w/ exudate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you treat otitis media? |
|
Definition
| analgesia ( pain releiver) and antibiotics if no response in 24 hours or worse in 24 hours |
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|
Term
| when would you prescribe antibiotics for otitis media right away? |
|
Definition
temp over 101
perforated TM
AOM past three months
toxic appearance
impaired immunity |
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|
Term
| what is tympanosclerosis? what does it look like? |
|
Definition
hyaline desposition w/in membrane, prior OM or tubes, healed perforation
white looking |
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|
Term
| What happens in Menieres? |
|
Definition
| episodes 20+ min of vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and fullness, migranes. |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for vertigo? |
|
Definition
lifestyle changes
low Na, caffiene, ETOH, stress
acupuncture |
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|
Term
| What are some causes of hearing loss? |
|
Definition
| impacted cerumen, TM perforation, presbycussis, noise exposure, meineres, canal narrowing |
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|
Term
| What kind of hearing loss is associated with ear canal obstruction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign growth on inner ear |
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|
Term
| what symptoms often accompany rhinitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for acute rhinitis? |
|
Definition
| smokting allergic rhinitis, anamalous anatomy, athsma |
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|
Term
| What are the major and minor criteria for acute sinitius? |
|
Definition
Mjr: congestion, obstruction, facial fullness, pain, pressure, purulent nasal d/c anosmia or hyposmia, fever
Minor: HA, ear pain, pressure or fullness, bad breath, dental pain, cough, fatigue |
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|
Term
how many criteria do you need for acute sinitus dx?
how do you treat? |
|
Definition
2 mjro or 1 major +2 minor
empiric antimicrobial treatment |
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|
Term
| What is hereditary hemorrhagic telanglectasia? HHT |
|
Definition
aka osler weber rendu dz
autosomal dominant 40+ y/o
mucocutaneous telangectasia, epistaxis, GI bleed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
peutz-Heghers Syndrome
-brown pigment on lips, cheecks gums
autosomal dominant
clubbing fingers & toes
GI polyps
high CA risk |
|
|
Term
| what are some signs of gingivitis? |
|
Definition
| erythema, edema, hx bleeding w/brushing |
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|
Term
| what are some signs of Epulis? |
|
Definition
red soft painless nodule in gums bleeds easily
common in pregnancy |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| non specific red patch on body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more common in 60+ males
red patch in floor of mouth usually
pre cancerous, painlessbiopsy & removal needed |
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|
Term
| What happens in geographic tongue |
|
Definition
| benign migatory glossitis, lateral borders and dorsum, loss papillae, days-months, reccurs, more common in type 1 DM & psoriasis |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the tongue in vitamin B deficiency? |
|
Definition
| loss of filiform papillae, red, atrophic |
|
|
Term
| What is black hairy tongue? |
|
Definition
| benign, painless, self limiting |
|
|
Term
| what is white hairy tongue? |
|
Definition
| benign, painless, candida/thrush |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oral candidiasis (yeast infection)
thick white plaques
CAN be scraped off |
|
|
Term
| what increases the risk factors for thrush? |
|
Definition
| prolonged antibiotics or steroids, AIDS, immunosupression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thickended white patch that doesn't scrape off,
pre cancerous until proven otherwise
biopsy needed |
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|
Term
| what do you want to Rule out with leukoplakia? |
|
Definition
| cancer, AIDS, ETOH use, IVDU (venous druge use) |
|
|
Term
| What is kaposi's sarcoma? |
|
Definition
Herpes 8
purple-red-violet lesions
macules or masses
palate, gingiva, lungs
Rule out AIDS |
|
|
Term
| What are the common signs that you are looking at tonsilitis? |
|
Definition
viral or bacterial inflammation
sore throat
erythema, exudate, fever, enlarged nodes
Rule out strep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infection or irritation d/t allergy, trauma, toxins, neoplasia
usually viral
scratchy or sore throat
erythema, but NO exudate, fever or LAD
Rule out strep and mono |
|
|
Term
| Where does strep infect? What are the species? |
|
Definition
oropharynx, & UR tract, GI, GU
Alpha & beta hymolytic |
|
|
Term
| What does Group A streph (GAS or GABHS) look like? |
|
Definition
f/c, sore throat, malaise, N/V, or rash
exudates cervical LAD,
treat with PCN |
|
|
Term
| what could happen if group A strep is untreated? |
|
Definition
| rheumatic heart dz, glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
| how do you decide whether to give antibiotics for Group A strep? |
|
Definition
Do a centor score 1 pt each.
Fever, ABSENCe of cough, swollen tender cervical nodes, tonsilar exudate
0-1 dont test dont treat
2 strep test, treat if +
3 treat empirically or after strep test
4 treat empirically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Epstein-Barr virus (type of herpes virus)
self limiting |
|
|
Term
| what does mono look like in a pt? |
|
Definition
sore throat, fever, swollen glands,sick contacts
rarely dry eyes, conjunctivitis |
|
|
Term
| what does the PE of mono look like? |
|
Definition
may or may not have exudates, tonsilitis, petechaiea,
99-102 temp 2 wks
enlarged lymph
can have a rash |
|
|
Term
| what are some causes or neck masses? |
|
Definition
| soft tissue tumors, (lipoma) salivary gland tumors, thyroid nodules, lymphoma, swollen cervical nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do you see in the middle ear? |
|
Definition
| TM, eustacian tube, auditory ossicles (malleus, incus & stapes) |
|
|
Term
| what do the ossicles in the ear do? |
|
Definition
| increase vibratory forces & decrease ampliduted vibrations to prevent damage |
|
|
Term
| what does the eustacian tube do in the ear? |
|
Definition
| equilizes pressure in middle ear |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the landmarks seen in the TM? |
|
Definition
short process & handle of mallus= main landmarks
umnbo
cone of light
pars flaccida & pars tensa |
|
|
Term
| what does the cochlea do? |
|
Definition
| transmits waves via perilymph |
|
|
Term
| what does the round window do? |
|
Definition
| permits fluit/cochlea movemnt via hair cell motion |
|
|
Term
| what does the semicurcular canal do? |
|
Definition
| they are sensitive to head movement, and they maintain equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| what does the vestibule do? |
|
Definition
| monitors head position relative to gravitational pull & maintain balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vibrations in the air collected by the auriclee they strike the TM, amplify the ossicles, then to cochlea |
|
|
Term
| What is sensorineural hearing loss? |
|
Definition
| cochlear n function impaired (brainstem or cortical connections |
|
|
Term
| in normal hearing AC is greater lesser or equal to BC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in conductive hearing loss how does AC compare to BC?
sensorineural? |
|
Definition
conductive AC less than or equal to BC
Sensorineural AC greater than BC |
|
|
Term
| what kinds of things can cause pollyps? |
|
Definition
| nasal sprays and decongestants |
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