Early Egyption civil 

_ -_ BC

3000-1950 BC

-one of earliest knwn great famines

-seven fat years of abundance + 7 lean that followed

-ancient flood- 19th century B.C

Ragnarok records the dooom of gods and end of word 

Fimbulvinter

Three winter- no summer between 

Climate too hot for beech and chesnut tree couldnt grow

-died in pompei

79 A.D

Greco-Roman Era 

_BC-_AD

Shen Kuo

1031-1095 A.D.

- 1088 AD fossils in Taihang mt - indicated shore shifted over time. 

bamboo fossils in Shaanxi prov- too dry for bamboo to grow

therefore climate change mustve occurred some point in past 

relatively disease free

1 degree warmer than precedign 500 yrs 

mild winters an dry summers 

-not true ice age bc cont ice shees didnt grow

-glaciers advanced worldwide:

alps (euro), sierra Nevada + rockies in NA

himilayas

new guinea 

nz

Little Ice age cont. 

begin. 14th cent, sig climate cooling marked by famines in Euro

-colder, longer winters

-cooler summers

-increased glaciation

-high rainfall

-coldest since end of last glaciation 

disasterous harvests in euro

- crippled grapes + cereals

blocked northern sea traffic- ice cover increased

1315- 1317

FIRST of series large scale crises- struck euro in 14th 

-clear end grown between 11-13th cent.

-extreme levels crime, disease, mass death, infantcide + cannibalism 

Little ice age

14th cent catastrophes

not enough to eat, life expect short

1348-50

killed about 40% euro pop

E.Euro exp harshest climatic disasters during lil ice age 

- winters: such severity & snow many ppl died 

- winters: so mild ppl were puzzled and anxious bout seed time + harvest

- Summers: continual rain crops failed

-Summers: had prolonged heat and drought crops failed

Temp declined 1.5-2 degrees in iceland during lil ice age

-agricult. perm changed from wheat growing to sheep-farming 

Agricult + society

-cult of orange and mandarin was abandoned in Kiangsi province of china after cold waves b/w 1654-1676 killed the trees

- northern limit of grape vine in france was shifted to the south 

- inter-island travel in canoes nearly ceased

-intensified El Ninos during lil ice age-increased storminess 

decline rainfall at end lil ice age - disaster for pioneers

1930-drought created famous dustbowl +GOT HOT

1973-modern times

herring

-herring fled area bc increased cold water

-drop in icelandic herring industry- 40% currency devaluation 

Reading the rocks

- clams 

interdidal zone add thin calcareous layer to their shells when tide-high, stops as tide falls

-clams growth patterns records earths rotation-shows its slowed bc tital friction

- thickness layer varies w season and lunar month 

- warmer waters coral responds to sun

-respond to sun with growth kayer per day

law of superposition: each bed being younger than the one underneath and older than one above

Law horizontality: if not tilted-deformed after deposition

Law Lateral continuity: form cont layers only changing when enviro chnages. 

Law Corss-Cutting: age differs depending 

- wide distribution

-abundant

-must preserve well

-short range 

reverses itself on irreg basis

-periodicity about every 700,000 years

- pol reversal time scale extended back about 5 mill yrs

reverses itself on irreg basis

-periodicity about every 700,000 years

- pol reversal time scale extended back about 5 mill yrs

- dendrochronology

-crop prod records (grapes+wheat)

-alpine glacial advances and retreats (mainly euro)

-isotopic tech- quanti

-paleontological methods

Neogloboqudrina pachyderma- change shell coild irection in response to seawater temp chnage -warmer-right

4.0 bya

earliest trrrestrial oceans 

comet-like balls of ice

-recieved 0.0025mm water year

-4 yrs bombardment- enough to fill oceans 

>3.8 bya

bacteria like forms

-first = hetro

-continental margins 

-continental slope

-deep sea basins 

-zone rapidly increasing density 

-result of combp effects of zones of temp an salinity mix

absent in high altitudes

caused by strong, vertical salinity gradient within a body of water

-increase sal= increase seawater dens

- high-temp

-polar

at all lat there is :

Qs

Qr

Qh

Qe

gain from solar rad

loss from back rad

conduction

evap

-5 deg north and south

-low density rising air column above equator

migrates seasonally bc solar forcing

sign impact on seasonal precip pattern 

-trade winds die

-sub tropic high lat belts

westerlies or westerly wind belts form by __

rise over dense cold air moving away from polar high press caps at sub polar low press belts 

60 degrees N and 60 S

moving away from poles

air mass moves south from sub trop near 30 deg N

-solar rad

-rate of evap

-precip

-surf T exceeds 5 degrees in summer

-n sun during winter, no night in sum

CLOCKWISE

-northern hemi

COUNTERCLOCK

-south hemi

wstern boundry current of N.A

-driven- solar heating 

each lastig 100,000yrs

-interglacials shorter

-glacial advances were calved off as icebergs

-s. hemi protected form antarctic ice

18,000 yrs

oceans frozen from greenland to UK

park ice extended from carolinas to spain (temp didnt exceed 10deg)

gulf stream flowed from florida to azores

ICE age: beyond the ice

meant what for most of the world?

most was drier

-cooler ocean= reduced evap

-lower average precipitation

sea level changes-alt coastlines

melting glac- flooded coastal plains

ice buildups- exposed cont shelves

relative sea level change due to loading and unloading 

- vertical movements of earths curst 

-has been rebounding since the ice retreated

-dry land in few thousand yrs

-calc ice vol from known area and thickness of icecaps

-extentof terminal moraines ice thickness

last interglacial arrived 131,000years BP

-interglacial lasted until ____years BP

14,000

4000

interglacial began 10,000 years 

-climate not as warm as Eemian but more stable

-rate of soil devo- much of it by aeolian processes, along ice margin

-rate of permafrost melt 

-migrated 2,000KM in short time (9000yrs)

-anticyclonic winds dispersed winged seeds rapidly

-ecological inertia

-photoperiodism

-

-ability of a plant community to persist in particular area despite climate gradually becoming less suitable. 

-often takes fire to clear eco space.

Decline of a Glacial Period

northward migration of marine orgo was affected by factors including:

-warming of ocean waters

-change in oceanic currents

- magdalen pocket

Changes in axial tilt of earth in orbit 

-solstice and equinox:

-march equinox

-december solstice

-september equinox

-june solstice 

Seasonal climatic variation: 

_ % increase/decrease in sunlight recieved, moderates n hemi winters and summers

Relatively long, narrow regions in atm-lik rivers in the sky

-transpo most of water vap outside of topics

-move with weather

Drought western canada:

__ over last 200 yrs

+ info

40 major droughts 

-drought f 1999-2004 = partic severe

-enhanced evapotrans in summer

-increased sublimation and melting of snow pack in winter

opposite/seesaw pattern bw pressure im E and W tropical pacific 

-temp of surf waters in east pacific increases n equatorial countercurrent flow increases

-avg time of this oscolation: 3yrs, ranges from 2-10

nutrients 

cold

Warm

-usually around christmas

naemed the child

Trade winds:

if v strong___

Trade winds change directions ever few years

warm suf waters accum i west move ___, pooling in central pacif and beginning __

Eastward

El Nino

El nino generates __+ increased __

minimizes__

sinking motion in middle-upper atm + increased vert winds

minimizes thunderstorm activity across main hurricane forming region

El nino produced a __ press system w enhanced westerlu winds

-streers hirricanes away from __ into __

strong low pressure

away from land, into sea

El ninos:

usually ends _ - __ montsh after it starts

climate of 

NA

colder

pliestocene

long-lived El nino like pattern of pacific climate variablilty

-

PDO most visible in __ sector, while secondary sig exists in tropics

-opp for?

-north pacific/nA

opp for ENSO

Warm episodes: enhanced ocean bio prod in northern BC and alaska- produc off the west ocast and southern BC

Cold:reduced ocean bio prod in n. BC+ alaska, increased prod off west coast us and S.BC

Mesozoic water temps:

miocene ocean basins and suf currents resmebled ___

antarctic icecap grew suddenly t presnt size __ MYA

caused?

those of today

16mya

large sea level drop

-Eccentricity

-Axial Tilt (Obliquity)

-Time of perihelion (precession or wobble)

-100,000 year cycle

-orbit chnaged from circle to slightly elliptical shape 

-eccentricity of orbit causes seasonal var in amount heat thats recieved from sun

41,000 yr cycle

tilt of earths axis moves bw 24.5 & 22.1

greater tilt, stronger seasons. Poles recieve less sunlight when tilt is decreased and more increased

Time of perihelion

(precession or wobble)

-21,000 yrs cycle

earth wobbles in space like a slowly spinning top

-time of year at which the earth is closest to the sun varies

refectivity or albedo of earth affects heat budget of planet

greater the amount of aerosols in atm the greater the amount of sol rad refeleted back

-this causes?

CTD

-conductivity

Temp

Depth

NE pacific climate and ocean.

most influenced by:

Aleutian low and n pacific high

Jet stream is planetary wave which incfluences AL and NPH

correlation with many different solar cycle

-11yr schwabe 

-75-90 Gleissberg- fades in and out

-200-500 Suess

-1100-1500 Bond

-sun

-clouds

-galactic cosmic rays 

ultra violet radiation

in 1843 Heinrich found sunspots have __ yr cycle

-originate at high lat an ddrift towards __

-peak activity corresponds to high __

11

equator

lat

- absorption increases during solar max

-increased evap and increased moisture converg into precip zones 

-intensifies climatol precip maxima and upward vertical motions

stronger trade winds develop resulting in :

+influences:

greater equatorial pacific ocean upwelling and colder SST's

-stronger hadley and walker circulation

-influences Eastern pacific ferrell circ and jet stream

Clouds as climate change amplifiers

forcings result of opposing effects

- heating by clouds (pos)

-cooling by clouds (neg)

OVERALL COOLING EFFECT

-climatic impact of clouds complex

-models have provided contradictoy projections as to whether clouds cause overall cooling or warming under same scenarios

- high energy particles

-pieces of atoms 

-neutrons

-protons

orig in galactic supernova

-energy output from cosmic rays only 1-billionth of solar rad

-dom source of penetrating ionizing particle radiation

-generate light radioicotopes of C14 and Be10

decrease in cloudiness 

- resulted in increase in global mean temp of 0.6

-ozone concentration

-radiative heating

-zonal circ

Solar min:

Correlation bw sunspot cycle and location of __(AL) and __(NPH)

- Aleutian low

-north pacific high

AL migrates eastward during solar min

NPH migrates southward during solar min

-sunspot cycle

-cloud formation/circ anomalies

-displacement of planetary waves in troprosphere and stratosphere

-NPH/AL centres of action 

-Enhanced upwelling increases nut and diatom production

-geometry of globe, its rotation and its elliptical orbit around sun

-on entering earths atm solar rad is absorbed and scattered 

thick strato refelct sunlight and cool surface

-thin cirrus allow light to pass through blocking thermal rad and warming earth

mostly releaseas of these greenhouse gasses

-burning fossil fuels

deforestation

agricultural practices

-industrial practices

-release of man-made CFCs

-electrical storms

-decomp plants

-forest fires

-import ot strato as it blocks out harmful UV rays

During holocene interglacial CO2 conc have varied bw __ and __ ppmv

During the Eemian interglacial 125,000 yrs ago CO2 conc were around __ppmv

200 & 300

280

why are the models so wrong?

role o nat climate forcing underestimated

-volcanic eruptions

-solar cycles and activity

-multi-decadal to century scale oscillation in ocean circulation

why are the models so wrong?

role o nat climate forcing underestimated

-volcanic eruptions

-solar cycles and activity

-multi-decadal to century scale oscillation in ocean circulation