Details Title: Class Status and Power Description: n/a Total Flash Cards: 59 Created: 12/20/2008 09:10:32		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Sociology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Stratification Definition Socially organized inequality pattern of unequal distribution of social rewards/resources it comes from wealth, prestige, leisure time, and titles Stratification is necessary -no society is classless -a society without stratification will fall apart Term Functionalism Definition functionalist theory of social order -The point of society is sustaining the status quo over time, but if you need all jobs you don’t NEED inequality -Institutions of society are coordinated with each other so that you know what you’re supposed to do, are motivated to do it and that everyone is so distributed that all positions are filled (creating the division of labor) Term Inequality Definition Davis and Moore: inequality is good and necessary because it perpetuates society -it sets order for the society Term Division of labor Definition how people are sorted into these occupations -Some jobs more important than others, some play bigger functional role and are more specialized, but ALL jobs are necessary (tautological) and all roles have to be filled by qualified people but workers are easily replaceable -People need to be motivated for those jobs by pay, leisure, and other rewards -Talents are undiscovered partially because of inheritance, ex. Tradition of family doctors -Companies end up overpromising rewards in order to get people interested and discover their talents, but also takes people’s perseverance -Entrinsic benefits: get benefits by doing the job just because you like to do it, no need to pay well so benefits the company as well Term Social closure Definition those who acquire a good advantage/get a good position in the division of labor try to control who else can reach that position restrict the flow of newcomers to protect their power/rewards TURNS CLASS → STATUS Term Ascription Definition no mobility in a society -Ascribed by birth and thus not responsible for where you are in society -Inherited job or socially important qualities (ex. Race) from parents Term Achievement Definition you can do things to achieve a social position Term Ascription vs. Achievement Definition -Every society is a MIX of the two -Less mobility now than there used to be in the US Term Sponsored mobility Definition upward mobility where the elites pick/sponsor candidates for advancement (ex. Schooling system for Great Britain, tests determine which public school you go to) Term Contest mobility Definition upward mobility as an open contest among candidates, the elites don’t pick who win and don’t play favorites – an unbiased system system of social mobility in which all individuals are seen as participants in a race where elite status is the end goal and the contest is an open one Term Tumin Definition Tumin's point is a direct critique of Davis and Moore's article -a weberian critique 1. functionalism is tautological -stratification exists just because it does -made an unjustified leap from the fact that it has always existed to that it is necessary -perpetuate the status quo for the status quo to be presented, everything needs to be preserved -functionalism is a theory -if the goal is to preserve what already exists then nothing can change 2. dysfunctional over time -ignores fact about how societies work -societies aren't very good at finding talents -unequal access to resources -differentials are inherited over time -inheritance prevents discovery of talents Term how does inequality work? Definition a. gives people motiation for jobs, money, leisure and prestige b. some jobs are more specialized/important for the division of labor- have to motivate people to fill the more important jobs c. talents are unequally distributed society provides education to give people the training to do the job and then you have the inner talents that need to be brought out -THIS SYSTEM OPERATES THROUGH SOME EDUCATIONAL PROCEDURE OF WHETHER YOU HAVE TALENT OR NOT. ASSUMING THAT EVERYONE COMES FROM THE SAME PLACE ECONOMICALLY. -education is a weeding out process -lower paying jobs are easier to fill than specialized jobs Term Tumin cont. (response to Davis and Moore) Definition 2b. **Social Closure** and Power -social groups- doctors, lawyers etc. -any group with advantageous power will try to limit access and keep it for themselves -control who can be admitted -endogamy- marry within group so the resources don't get diluted 3. self-serving account -rhetoric of "sacrifice" -"i worked hard so i deserve to be here" -sacrifice in jobs is nothing more than ideology-attempt by the powerful to justify where they are 4. other motivators -patriotism, altruism Term Mobility Definition Less mobility now than there used to be Less mobility in the USA than in socialist countries As you move towards a more ascriptive society then the children will be where their parents are: poor or rich *Cycle of poverty-if your parents are poor than you are likely to be poor also Inheritance is a tool that families use to help create ascriptive trends In the U.S. we believe education is the equalizer Term The Great Transformation Definition transition from feudalism to capitalism Term Carl Marx Definition ECONOMY** -class system with 2 extreme classes, CAPITALISM -Feudalism (everyone owned their own tools) → capitalism (factories, now people must take orders so are of a lower class) -Capitalism simplifies the class system to just the B. and the P. -Oppressor (*bourgeoisie:owners) vs. oppressed (*proletariat: laborers who live only so long as they can find work), bourgeoisie became dominant through industrialization -Predicts the middle class will disappear but this hasn’t happened -*Exploitation: brutal result of free trade, workers don’t get paid the value of what they make Term Feudalism/Capitalism Definition -modes of production -macro-scale economic structures capitalism may differ in each country feudalism lasted a couple thousand years during Marx's time Transitions from one mode to another wasn't pretty Conflict between economic groups are what makes this country go Term Class-Marx Definition Relatioship to the means of production:tools,machines, factories Each class has a different relationship to property Term Class conflict-Marx Definition Means of production is distributed unequally Classes conflict over property *proletariat-labor, workers *bourgeoise-factories, tools, machine workers *exploitation- workers don't get paid the full value of the work they do Term Class Conflict-Marx *In-Itself Definition Share objective opinion but unconscious about it Marx wants a workers revolution Do not think they are a group Term Class Conflict-Marx *For-Itself Definition Individuals within the class unite to pursue their shared interests** Class consciousness Take action collectively Trade Association If they are not conscious they cannot work as a class Do things for the group's interest collectively Term Lumpen Proletariat Definition alcoholics, criminals etc Term Bourgeoise Definition Owners Term Proletariat Definition Workers Term Peasants Definition Independent farmers Term Petty Bourgeoise Definition Owners who don't have many workers Marx believes that these people are disappearing Term Rentiers Definition Landlords and bond holders Own stuff but don't engage in labor **royalty** Term Weber Definition protestant ethic – legal orders and how hard you work determine distribution of power Not just the economy **Class,Status and Party -all independent from each other -all distribute power unequally -all about groups not individuals Term Power-Weber Definition ability to get others to do what you want even if they don't want to Term Class-weber Definition resources you bring into a market-your market position (class isn't your income) Any group that shares a market position can be in more than one class ex:slaves aren't a class No markets=no classes Term Multiple Markets-weber Definition labor, property, capital class position is what you have to offer in those markets Term Status-weber Definition Cultural power, consumption patterns, "style of life", honor, prestige, respect, deference/dignity people with status embody the societies' goals High status=best embody society's values Status is ALWAYS hierarchical -not about individuals but about GROUPS -status groups are ALWAYS for themselves to protect their prestige, honor, style of life Term Lifestyle-weber Definition consumption, monopoly of certain activities, rules about socializing -religious groups are status groups -rules of socializing:mr,mrs etc who you can and cannot eat with, marry etc Term Social Closure-weber Definition attempt to consolidate social position To create new status position and then protect this position Status ranking will contradict class ranking Race, ethnicity and religion are ALL status groups All multiethnic societies WILL be unequal Term Party-weber Definition Party=Political power control over administration and bureaucracy Term Funtionalist Theory (Layer Cake) Definition Class as rewards/income many classes, not strongly opposed easy mobility SES*(socioeconomic status)- combo of educational level, income and occupation fuzzy boundaries between classes   Term Marxist (Triangle) Definition Few classes, strongly opposed to each other Low mobility (some go down, very little go up) Class:relation to means of production Term Weber (no picture) Definition Class:resources in economic markets Many classes:opposed to each other Class isn't the only kind of inequality (status/party) Social Closure:attempt to turn class into status Term Perucci & Wysong Definition No middle class the double diamond represents security Top diamond is the SECURE Top/secure is the privileged.  The bottom diamond is INSECURE Bottom/insecure is the working class the more stable your income is, the more security you have in the US the top diamond is appx 20% of the population and the bottom is 80% of the population Term What is power? (Gaventa) Definition Social theory and how it is relevant to his study *Appalacia in 1960: high poverty, low health, high rates of illiteracy Small towns and rural-coal mining, not agriculture   Term First Dimension (Gaventa) Definition Power is the ability to win public, free debates over policies/issues Ex: presidential candidates To pursuade more people that you are right America's self-understanding Assumptions: access to politics is free/open, people know their own interests  Term Second Dimension (Gaventa) Definition Power is the ability to make sure certain issues never get debated The ability to shut debate down To keep issues off the agenda Ex: the smokey back room; conspiracy theories; corruption, dirty tricks, keeping things off the radar Assumtion: access/participation is blocked People know what their interests are but can't get a hearing Term Third Dimension (Gaventa) Definition Power is the ability to shape what people think their interests are Being taught to want things that aren't in your own interests *Hegemony* Between Consent and Manipulation Term Hegemony (marxist) Definition Power is a brute force Cultural and moral leadership exercised by the ruling class They set the tone: things we should want/set themselves up as the protectors They also set terms of debate Convinces us that the higher people are smarter and more powerful System of inequality but the people at the bottom deserve to be there This is accepted by everyone, even the poor Term Mills (power elite) Definition People who run most important institutions Ex: politics, military, corporations (weber's theory of party) It is achieved Have csns People who run these institutions circulate and don't stay still Mills wants to transform the elite theory from an achieved status to an ascribed status by making new status groups Term Cultural Capital Definition Taste, judgement, lifestyle, choice The idea of classy vs. trashy Your choices about how you want to spend your time Not innocent; no one just likes anything Works by transforming necessity into virtue Turns what you need into what you want Tool the privileged people use to get further in their class matter of choice not constraint   Term Habitus Definition Un-reflective exercise in taste habits, dispositions, attitudes, slang, body language All becomes 2nd nature to you Automatic How you internalize cultural capital How life becomes stylized  Taste* Term Bordieu Definition Marxist Class Matters Status can be explained by your class "Chicken comes before the egg" Writing about France Hierarchical Educational system is different because school system is hierarchical in France Reductionist Term Reductionism Definition Simplification: explaining one variable away by defining it in terms of another, more fundamental one Bordieu reduces class to status  Analytical argumentative strategy to simplify the data that you’re dealing with Explains one variable by defining it in terms of another, more fundamental one Ex. CLASS reductionist theories of RACE: race invented by employers to divide workers F&M students all enjoy these different issues → these students enjoy these issues because of the amount of money they have (reductionist – no longer about the interests) Strategy not a theory Term Race Definition Aligns social structure or social conflicts with definitions of the body Social capital aligns inequality with definitions of the body Term Ethnicity Definition Aligns culture with descent but usually not with "essential" biological features connects culture with a descent group Term Caste Definition Ascriptive, herditary system of stratification most extreme ascriptive socieity ex: caste system in india classes that are hereditary and ASCRIPTIVE system of STRATIFICATION Term Oliver Cox Definition Orthodox/vulgar marxist employers invented race to divide workers race is a tool of the employers bourgoise-promoting racial inequality Term Split Labor Market (Myrdal/Bonacich) Definition Privileged workers invented race in order to protect their priviledges Forced employers to accept it Aparthied-separateness -Illegal for black person to supervise a white person in the work place Term Racial Formation Definition Big, long lasting social structure of race relations Connects beliefs about race with racial practices *beliefs justify practices take formations and see if they can compare to other times and other places Term Colonial/Plantation Definition Slavery, hard caste lines, relatively little conflict, paternalism, Christianity (religious theory of race), rural/agricultural Term Industrial era of racial dictatorship Definition Immigration Era Big cities, big factories, immigrant working class Racialized class structure where black people get pushed to the bottom Black people are biologically inferior IQ test was invented to rank races and identify mental defectives Forced sterilizations Ideology of scientific racism Ideology and practice of white supremacy ex:Split labor market Term Jim Crow Segregation (southern) Definition Regulated relationships between black and whites separate hospitals etc laws against blacks not only residential segregation (more northern system) daily communication between blacks and whites Term Territorial Stigma Definition Negative stereotypes based on location