Term
|
Definition
The most common anxiety disorder
People with SAD have a lower life satisfaction rating.
At the disorder level, people achieve at lower levels than their ability allows for
They choose jobs beneath their abilities or do participate fully in class or college
Often perceived by others as aloof or snobbish when in reality they are just anxious. Self fulfilling prophecy- fear/worry about being judged by others or not being likes causes them to act reserved or aloof which causes people to judge and not like them.
High levels of co morbidity with depression, low self esteem and low achievement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Very treatable condition it is not an un changeable personality trait.
-Cognitive Behavior Therapy
-Exposure Therapy
-Skill building- work on social skills
-learn to evaluate cognitions and question their validity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SAD receives low levels of empathy from no affected populations
-"get over it" attitude
-seen more as a personality trait -because most people can relate to it to a degree they see it as surmountable because it was for them
-people can misinterpret and take it personally
-stigmatized so people don't feel comfortable sharing the problem -especially given the social element it has
-if you want to help, don't push too hard but suggest that they get expert help. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fear of a specific:
object or situation
e.g.. bridges, spiders, water, dogs etc.
People organize their lives around phobias (avoiding them/escaping them)
e.g. fear of bridges causes a commuter to go an hour out of their way every day so as to not have to cross one.
People don't usually outgrow specific phobias without working on it |
|
|
Term
| Specific Phobias- Diagnostic Criteria |
|
Definition
| Specific phobias are diagnosed when they begin to interfere with daily life or if the fear of stimuli causes extreme stress/distress |
|
|
Term
Specific Phobias
-4 types (list)- |
|
Definition
1)Animal
2)Nature/Envirnomental
3)Situational
4)Body/Blood/Injury |
|
|
Term
Specific Phobias
-Animal Type_ |
|
Definition
Most common form of specific phobias
e.g. snakes, spiders, insects, dogs, etc.
High SNS arousal
e.g. can't go outside for fear or insects, can't go to parent's house because of dog fear |
|
|
Term
Specific Phobias
-Natural/ Environmental- |
|
Definition
Storms, heights, water
High SNS arousal
e.g. fear of tsunamis |
|
|
Term
Specific Phobias
-Situational Type- |
|
Definition
Fear of tunnels, public transit, enclosed spaces
High SNS arousal |
|
|
Term
Specific Phobias
-Injection/Blood/Injury- |
|
Definition
Extreme fear of medical procedures, blood or needles
Different in that it LOWERS SNS RESPONSE causing fainting
High parasympathetic response
Low sympathetic response |
|
|
Term
| Panic attacks and Specific Phobias |
|
Definition
Specific phobias can overlap with panic attacks- some phobias can cause a panic attack.
Frequently, just speaking about the phobic item can elicit a response.
Different from panic disorder in that PD is caused by a fear of having a panic attack or that attack itself. In PD attacks occur out of the blue in a variety of settings |
|
|
Term
Treatment for SPecific Phobias:
Animal, Environmental, Situational |
|
Definition
Animal, Environmental and Situational phobias all cause a high sympathetic nervous system SNS response.
To treat, teach deep breathing to lower heart rate
Then slow exposure therapy
need to put yourself in the situation and stay long enough to see that nothing bad happens- over time with continued exposure- you can reduce anxiety level, |
|
|
Term
Treatment for specific phobias:
Blood/Injury/Injection type |
|
Definition
Teach muscle tension to prevent drop in sympathetic response.
Then slow exposure therapy
need to put yourself in the situation and stay long enough to see that nothing bad happens- over time with continued exposure- you can reduce anxiety level, |
|
|
Term
| Development of specific phobias |
|
Definition
Sometimes specific phobias develop through
-classical conditioning (car accident
on bridge)
-Sometimes for no apparent reason (no
memory or trauma)
-Tends to run in families/ genetic
aspect.
-Evolutionary presisposition for
phobias towards certain potentially
dangerous things (e.g. snakes,
spiders, heights) response goes to
the extreme in some people |
|
|
Term
| Specific phobias in the DSM |
|
Definition
Aren't officially diagnosed with a phobia unless it interferes with daily functioning.
E.g. if you have a phobia of tornadoes but don't live in the Midwest it won't interfere with your daily life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Used to think it was a demon posession
1917 Freud said that it was due to conflict between guilty fear and defiant rage
-1949 tx for OCD was a frontal lobotomy- debilitating but did improve symptoms
-mis 1960s - cognitive behavioral therapy was discovered to be effective tx
1990s- evidence that serotonin genes were involved (including the SS, SL LL, serotonin transporter gene) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-SSRIs are the most effective class of drugs for treating OCD
-Benzos don't help because OCD is a different type of anxiety disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not a common disorder only 2% population affected
-experience anxiety as a result of obsessional thoughts.
-Anxiety increases when people can't carry out the obsessional thoughts
Obsession: causes high levels of anxiety
Compulsion: went enacted provides temporary relief from anxiety. when not carried out, increases anxiety. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
OCD obsessions manifest as thoughts, images, ideas, impulses etc.
VERY PERSISTENT - don't feel controllable and are very intrusive
e.g.
-thoughts about contamination,
-impulse to push someone or curse
-worries about completed axns - did I lock the door?
Most of us have thoughts like these from time to time. The difference is in our ability to be distracted away from the urge or to turn the thought off
People with OCD can't stop the thoughts so they are distressing. People with aggressive impulses rarely carry them out but just worry that they can't control the urges. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Behaviors, rituals or thoughts with the purpose of trying to erase or ease the obsession.
Acting on the compuslsion temporarily lowers anxiety
e.g. If I count to 10 I won't drop the baby
Compulsions are:
-repetative and
-stereotyped (specific ways of doing
the action) and have
-rigid rules surrounding the ritual
(e.g. always left to right)
-usually extreme (e.g wash hand 10x
an hour)
-accompanied by feeling that
something really bad will occur if
compulsion isn't acted upon
-Obsessions can develop out of compulsions- did I really turn the stove off
-can be extremely inhibiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TO be diagnosed with OCD the person needs to spend at least 1 hour per day on compulsions. or the disorder must cause extreme distress.
Occasional obsessions or compulsions are not OCD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
OCD usually onsets in adolecence for men and slightly later (into the 20s for women).
Without help OCD tends to be chronic
OCD tends to be comorbid with depression because of the distress and quality of life issues it causes and |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
People with OCD have INSIGHT and AWARENESS of their actions. They realize the behaviors are excessive but just can't help it. They are not delusional or out of touch with reality like schizophrenics.
HOWEVER, they can become less aware mid-compulsion. The strength of the insight waxes and wanes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A lot of times OCD compulsions have the feeling of magical connections or rituals- you have to repeat until "it just feels right". There might be a magic number or a feeling of completion.
Sometimes the compulsion is closely tied to the obsession (e.g. germs and hand washing) other times it has nothing in common (e.g. count to 35 10x or something bad will happen- the counting isn't especially tied to the fear) |
|
|
