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| Basic freedoms/privalages a govt grants its citizens (vote/speech/drive/drink) must apply to all Americans regardless of race/sex/creed. |
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| Refers to black Americans until recently the largest minority group in the US |
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| Post Civil War (1865-1876)known as.... |
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| Three Amendments added for CR |
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13th Abolished Slavery
14th Black Citizenship vote
15th Black Male Vote |
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| Legally, segregation as the status quo upheld by... |
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| separate but equal doctrine |
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| 1896- The result- separate but equal doctrine upheld by “Jim Crow South” lifestyle remains and Black Americans still excluded politically, socially, and economically. |
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| Booker T. Washington Bio: |
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| Born a slave—became self-made success, created 1st black vocational technical college called Tuskegee Institute. – Inspired Black Americans/ Appealed to whites (non-threatening) |
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| Booker T Washington Message |
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| Blacks could only advance in society through their own efforts at self improvement (Learn skills/ Refine speech/ Improve dress) = Earned RESPECT. • Southern Whites- liked his message since he did not challenge the system of segregation and Jim Crow South. |
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| Booker T Washington Criticism |
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| He was an “Uncle Tom” (Not good!) Although he challenged the point of view that blacks could never be successful on their own. |
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| 1st black American to graduate from Harvard University. Disagreed with Booker T’s message/wanted blacks to pursue a full University Education not Vocational Education and fight immediately for Civil Rights, don’t wait for them to be granted |
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| William E.B. Dubois Message |
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| • 1909- Joined with whites to create the NAACP—Established as the leading organization for black Americans/ Stated that blacks needed their talented tenth to uplift the other 90%. Encouraged to fight in WWI = RESPECT |
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| William E. B. Dubois Criticism |
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| NAACP was driven by middle class white leaders and too moderate for the rest of the century Dubois left the US (Ghana) as WWI/Great Depression causes the country to abandon civil rights |
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| Marcus Garvey Bio/ Message |
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Lead the Black to Africa Movement—Movement attracted thousands of urban blacks to seek racial empowerment, self reliance, and redemption in Africa.
Jamaican immigrant creates the:United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) – To organize movement |
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| Leadership was corrupt/multiple scandals (drugs/prostitution)—he gets both jailed and deported |
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| Only with the help of Eleanor Roosevelt is any help to govern black Americans (NEW DEAL) Regain voting for Dem. (FDR/Great Depression) |
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| Scottsboro Boys Trial (date/event) |
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| 1931- nine black teenage boys accused of rape in Alabama in 1931. The landmark set of legal cases from this incident dealt with racism and the right to a fair trial. The case includes a frameup, all-white jury, rushed trials, an attempted lynching, angry mob, and miscarriage of justice.All but two served prison sentences. One was shot in prison by a guard. Two escaped, were charged with crimes, and were sent back to prison. Clarence Norris, the oldest defendant and the only one sentenced to death, escaped parole and went into hiding in 1946. |
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| ran and won the Olympics (Hitler refused to shake his hand) |
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| In 1939, the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) refused permission for Anderson to sing to an integrated audience in Constitution Hall. Their race-driven refusal placed Anderson into the spotlight of the international community on a level usually only found by high profile celebrities and politicians. With the aid of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Anderson performed a critically acclaimed open-air concert on Easter Sunday, April 9, 1939, on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. |
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| Nation of Islam founding/headquarters |
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| 1934- N.O.I. founded in Detroit; Headquarters moved to Chicago while Elijah Muhammad takes over. |
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| When did Malcolm X convert? |
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| (1952)- Lead the nation with Minister Louis Farrakhan |
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| US Military was fully integrated President Trumon did an executive order |
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| 1954 (Linda) Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka, KA) |
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| landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 which allowed state-sponsored segregation. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." |
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The Nation of Islam Timeline
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· Early Mid 1960s- Split Malcolm v. Elija Muhammad
· 1964- Malcolm terminates relationship takes the Haj (the pilgrimage to Mecca)
· Feb 1965- While speaking in Harlem Malcolm assassinated by 3 members of the nation (Louis Faricon)
· Today, the nation remains, headed by Louis Farrakhan, but has minimal influence on contemporary life for black Americans
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Mid 1950’s (Martin Luther King)...
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MLK begins to influence the C.R.M. down south
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1955 The Death of Emit Till
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| African-American boy who was murdered in Mississippi at the age of 14 after reportedly flirting with a white woman.Till, transported him to a barn, beat him and gouged out one of his eyes, before shooting him through the head and disposing of his body in the Tallahatchie River. Problems identifying Till affected the trial, partially leading to Bryant's and Milam's acquittals, and the case was officially reopened by the United States Department of Justice in 2004. |
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1955- Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott |
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Rosa Parks planned with the NAACP to sit in the front of the bus and get arrested to humiliate the white law enforcement. Bus boycott followed which put commercial bus lines out of business.
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1957- MLK organizes the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (Ministers) organize and support non-violent direct action in order to de-segregate the south (S.C.L.C.)
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1957- Ernest Green and The Little Rock 9 |
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| in 1957, were the first black students ever to attend classes at Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Green was the first black to graduate from the school in 1958. In 1999, he and the other people of the Little Rock Nine were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal by President Bill Clinton. |
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1957- Civil Rights Act Signed- Supposed to be the greatest civil rights act of all time, but all the congress people were white who created it
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We needed armor pilots/ Black pilots/ most decorated air force/ Personel bombing in Europe/ Won the President Medal of Honor
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1947- “Color Barrier” Barrier to allow black Americans to enter Major League Baseball. MLB Jackie Robinson (#42) and Brooklin Dodgers (read the Article...)
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C.O.R.E. (Congress of Racial Equality) |
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Established to mobilize mass publicize resistance to discrimination. |
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By mid-century traditional pattern of race relations being slowly eroded by 3 institutions:
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1. Military
2. Professional Sports
3. Hollywood
-- Black barriers broke down!
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1963- “Bombingham” Alabama because of the bomb attacks
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· “Segregation Now, tomorrow, and forever”
· In 1968 he ran for president
· Created American independent party
· Assassinated in 1972
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· March/ Protest/ Jailed Dogs/ fire horses in birmingham
· Letter from Birmingham City Jail: “Justice too long delayed is justice denied”
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Birmingham 1963-
· Many children in jail/ caused Alabama govt to desegregate
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Use the power of the media to gain worldwide coverage and expose southern racism |
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MLK/SCLC/ SNCC/NAACP/CORE |
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| an African American civil rights activist from Mississippi involved in efforts to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi. He became active in the civil rights movement after returning from overseas service in World War II and completing secondary education; he became a field secretary for the NAACP. Assasinated in 1963 |
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| THE HIGHLIGHT OF THE CRM = |
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Bombing of 16th Baptist Church- K.K.K. kills 4 girls injuries 2 douzen |
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The power of the vote
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Freedom Summer Begins CRM workers travel south to start Freedom Schools
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Disappearance of three Civil Rights Workers Murdered not doubt for several months (Mississippi Burning) With white C.R. workers endanger black residents
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1965- Selma, Alabama and the climax of the CRM
3-7-65 The march of Voting rights
· Selma Montgomery- Organized by SCLC/SNCC
· Gov Wallace- Forbade it. Ordered an attack. Came to be called “Bloody Sunday” at the Edmund Pettus Bridge – Horrified America
· President Johnson- “Their cause must be our cause too”… “And we shal overcome”
3-25- March takes place with all groups participating
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MLK’s influence diminishes—moves to Chicago/ Harlem and met with anger/ Hostility by Urban Blacks—Because they didn’t want him in Chicago (the nonviolence resistance more difficult to get rights/ should have had a more direct action)
Creates Operation Breadbasket (Chicago) Jesse Jackson & Poor Peoples Campaign (DC) Ralph Abernathy- focus the nation on black poverty
O.B. – Encouraging hiring black workers
P.P.C. – Focus the nation ob Black Poverty
1967- MLK gets involved in the Anti-War Movement Influence/Leadership re-emergences—ASSASINATED BY JAMES EARL RAY L
Race Riots in all major American cities
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| Challenges to MLK in Mid Fifties |
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MLK’s methods not militiant/radical/enough (white liberal support) |
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Race Problem No longer just Southern/rural
50% of Black Americans lived outside the south
50% “ “ “ “ below poverty level
70% “ “ “ “ in cities
Double the Unemployment Rate than that of whites
Urban Poverty now the biggest concern for Black Americans
Defacto Segregation still characterizes American society (except US Military/PreSports/Entertainment Industry)
Broader Demands (WDTM?) of Urban Blacks now at the forefront of the CRM
Enter… The Black Panther Party for Self Defense
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'De facto' racial discrimination and segregation in the USA during the 1950s and 1960s was simply discrimination that was not segregation by law
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| What Muslims Want... (10 Things) |
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1.Freedom. Full and complete.
2.Justice. Applied equally to all, regardless of creed or class or color.
3.Equality. Equal membership in society
4.A separate state for those descendants of previous American slaves. This separate state would be “fertile and minerally rich”, and whites would help its upkeep for the next 20-25 years to ensure well being. It can be on this continent or others ...
5.Freedom for all believers of Islam in federal prison, and blacks victim of the death sentence (in both northern and southern prisons)
6.End to police brutality. Courts should be fair.
Is there is no separate state, both equal justice and equal employment are necessary. NOW!
7.Black citizens should be exempt from all taxation until injustice withers.
8.Equal education! But separate schools until 16 (black males) and 18 (black females) and 19 (Deji)
9.Intermarriage is prohibited.
10, We want Islam taught without hinderance or suppression. |
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