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| is the idea that human nature is based on reason; human beings are entitled to certain rights such as life and freedom. |
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| guaranteed to human beings simply because they are born, these rights are considered to be universal, which means that these rights are guaranteed to everyone. |
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| is created when an organized society defines rights, duties and limits for the people and the government. |
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| is a document that was developed by English citizens to require King John of England to protect certain rights of the people and to limit the king’s powers. |
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| is a document that was written with the purpose of protecting peoples’ rights and stated that every citizen possesses individual rights which are unbreakable. The rights in the document are enumerated, or listed and include the right to bear arms in defense and the right to petition the monarch. |
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| was a document to set up a government and write down the first set of laws for the settlers who arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts. This document introduced the idea of self-government. |
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| s a pamphlet that encouraged colonists to seek independence from England and to move toward self-government. |
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| court order requiring that a person who has been arrested be brought into court) |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| in this document, the colonists wrote that they held certain truths to be self-evident, or clear, that all men are created equal and they have certain unalienable rights that include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness |
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| By beginning the U.S. Constitution in this way, the writers were making it clear that the people were creating and running the government (self-government.) |
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| taxed all printed materials, such as newspapers, legal documents and playing cards. Colonists viewed this act as unfair because the taxes went directly to the English government, and not into the colonial governments |
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| published Common Sense, a 50-page pamphlet criticized King George III and argued for the colonies to be independent from England. |
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| wrote Declaration of Independence, which was formally supported by the colonial Congress on July 4, 1776. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| The first government of the United States |
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| begins with the phrase “We the People, of the United States” and then states six goals and purposes of the government. |
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| means that government can do only what the people allow it to do. |
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| sets up three branches with their own distinct powers and responsibilities. |
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| allows each branch of government to limit the power of the other branches. |
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| this branch has the power to create new laws |
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| branch has the power to carry out and enforce laws |
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| this branch has the power to interpret laws |
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| this branch may veto laws passed by Congress |
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| this person can make treaties, but they must be ratified by the Senate |
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| this branch can impeach and convict the president, other members of the executive branch, and federal judges |
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| may pass laws over the president's veto by two-thirds majority vote of both houses |
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| may reject appointments made by the president |
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| may declare executive actions and laws passed by Congress unconstitutional |
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| were against the ratification of the Constitution and only wanted to make minor changes to the government as set up under the Articles of Confederation |
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| Necessary and Proper Clause |
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| also known as the “elastic clause,” of the Constitution would give too much power to the Congress |
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| The Anti-Federalists thought it was important for the Constitution to include this |
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| laws apply equally to everyone regardless of their position in society |
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| this article of the U.S. Constitution contains the the supremacy clause which says that the Constitution is the supreme law in the U.S. |
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| statutes or statutory laws |
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| are written laws enacted by a legislature |
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| is the supreme law of the land and states cannot create laws that conflict with it |
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| defines citizenship as belonging to anyone who is born in the United States or is an immigrant who has completed the naturalization process |
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| If a person is born in the United States, in one of its territories, or on a U.S. military base. |
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| U.S. citizenship is passed to the child from the natural mother or father |
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| as defined by the 14th Amendment, are guaranteed their natural rights to life, liberty, and property which cannot be taken away without due process of law |
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| requirements for U.S. citizenship |
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Definition
1. Immigrants must: be at least 18 years old.
2. Have been a resident of the United States for five years.
3. File for a petition for naturalization.
4. Take a test to show that they can read, write, and speak English, and demonstrate knowledge of American history and the U.S. Constitution.
5. Have two U.S. citizens confirm that the applicant will be of good moral character.
6. Take the “Oath of Allegiance. |
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| An action that is required by law |
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| An action that benefits the community/people. - something a person should do |
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| beliefs or actions that are seen as a benefit to the larger community rather than individual interests |
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| includes five individual freedoms (free speech, press, religious exercise, peaceable assembly, and petitioning the government. |
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| constitutionality or constitutional |
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| whether or not something is legal under the U.S. Constitution |
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| the act of a person refusing to testify under oath in a court of law on the grounds that the answers could be used as evidence against him to convict him of a criminal offense |
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| the process by which police or other authorities who suspect that a crime has been committed do a search of a person's property and collect any relevant evidence to the crime; protection from illegal search and seizure is in the Fourth Amendment |
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| the right in the Fifth Amendment that protects a person from being forced to reveal to the police, prosecutor, judge, or jury any information that might subject him or her to criminal prosecution. |
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| a trial in which the issue is determined by a judge and a jury, usually with 12 members, whose job is to determine facts and make a judgment of guilty or not guilty; protected in the Sixth Amendment |
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| a law that makes an act a crime after the crime has been committed |
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| the principle that keeps the government from holding a citizen indefinitely without showing cause |
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| common benefit, the general benefit of the public |
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| this amendment does not protect speech that would create a “clear and present danger |
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| an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that provides protections to a person accused of a crime, including the right of due process. |
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| an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that defines citizenship, grants citizenship to former slaves and defines voters as males at least 21 years of age |
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| a political party that believes the government should control all production and distribution of goods and working people should control their own lives and destinies. |
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| a political party that believes that the federal government should take a more active role in people's lives, particularly those who are in need |
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| a political party that believes in individual freedom and the only purpose of government is to protect this freedom platform |
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| a political party that believes that the federal government should play a small role in people's lives; they favor lower taxes and less government spending |
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| a political party that believes people should own and control industry through democratically controlled public agencies, cooperatives, or other collective groups |
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| the political party with the most elected members |
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| the political party second in number of elected members to the majority party |
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| At least 35 years old, has lived in the U.S. for 14 years, is a natural born citizen, up to 2 four year terms (8 years) |
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| U.S. House of Representatives |
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Definition
| at least 25, 7 years as citizen, must live in the state they represent, term is 2 years |
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| at least 30, 9 years as citizen, must live in the state they represent, term is 6 years |
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| At least 30 years old, Resident of the state for at least 5 years, May not serve more than two 4-year terms |
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| Florida House of Representatives and Florida Senate |
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| U.S. citizen, Lives in the district represented, State resident for at least 2 years, At least 21 years old |
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| people who are concerned with some particular issue or part of the government and who try to influence legislators or to act in their favor |
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| to conduct activities in order to influence public officials |
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| political action committee (PAC) |
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| an independent political organization that seeks to promote the cause of a particular interest group, usually through raising money and campaigning to elect candidates who support the group's views |
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| plural form of the word “medium,” refers to various means of communication |
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| a person or group who acts as a protector or guardian |
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| a person who conducts activities in order to influence public officials |
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| a preference, opinion or attitude that favors one way of thinking or feeling over another. |
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| the method of spreading ideas or information for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person |
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| the use of something to represent ideas or qualities |
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| government actions in the form of laws, rules or regulations. |
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| members of a legislature that draft and pass laws (i.e., U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator, state representative, state senator, city council member) |
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| the highest court of the United States; it sits at the top of the federal court system |
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| a decision by an executive authority such as a president or governor to reject a proposed law or statute |
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| the national legislative body of the U.S., consisting of the Senate, or upper house, and the House of Representatives, or lower house |
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| a principle of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that allows each branch of government to limit the power of the other branches |
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| the clause that states that the U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and that national laws are supreme over state laws, found in Article VI |
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| Florida Declaration of Rights |
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| the part of the Florida Constitution that lists the basic rights guaranteed to all citizens who live in the state |
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| persons appointed by a head of state to head executive departments of government and act as official advisers |
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| one role of the president is to lead the U.S. military forces |
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| Power is shared and divided between the central government and the states. Citizens elect officials at all levels of government |
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| Legislative Branch - The power to collect taxes 2. The power to coin money 3. The power to make laws/control immigration 4. The power to make laws/control trade 5. The power to create an army and navy 6. The power to impeach and remove officials from office 7. To approve presidential appointments |
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| 2. Article II – Executive Branch - The power to enforce the laws (Chief Executive; “he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed”) 2. The power to send troops into combat (Commander in Chief; “The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States”) 3. The power to make treaties and with leaders of other nations 4. The power to nominate people to serve in the Cabinet, in the Supreme Court and to other high government positions 5. The power to grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment |
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| Judicial Branch - Article III of the Constitution describes the powers set aside for the Supreme Court. These include: 1. The power of original jurisdiction (the power to be the first court to hear a case) in cases that involve: a. Ambassadors b. Maritime (high seas, naval) issues c. Arguments between two or more states d. Problems that involve the United States government 2. All other cases, not listed above, are given to the Court under their appellate jurisdiction (hearing a case that has been heard by a lower court first) |
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| is made up of the United States Supreme Court and all of the lower courts including federal, state and local courts |
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| Enumerated or delegated powers |
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Definition
| the powers specifically named and assigned to the federal government or prohibited to be exercised by the states under the U.S. Constitution |
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| a system of government in which power is divided and shared between national, state, and local government |
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| powers that are not granted to the federal government that belong to (are reserved to) the states and the people |
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| are powers that are shared by the national and state governments. Examples of shared powers are: 1. The power to levy taxes (tax the people). 2. The ability to borrow money |
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| that are specifically listed in the Constitution for the national government. Examples of powers granted to the national government are: 1. The power to raise and support an army and navy. 2. The power to coin money. 3. The power to declare war |
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| are powers that are given to the states by the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution which states that any power not specifically granted to the national government is reserved to the states. Examples of powers that belong to the states: 1. The power to run elections. 2. The power to establish schools. |
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| are powers that are specifically listed in the Constitution for the national government. Additional examples of power granted to the national government are: 1. The power to regulate trade and commerce. 2. The power to establish rules for naturalization. 3. The power to declare war |
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| the final amendment in the Bill of Rights, it states: ”The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” |
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| Necessary and proper clause |
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Definition
| the power of Congress to make laws that they need to carry out their enumerated powers |
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| the clause that states that the U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and that national laws are supreme over state laws |
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| the procedure to see if the U.S. Supreme Court will hear a case; a writ of certiorari is issues when a higher level court agrees to hear an appeal of an inferior court’s decision |
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| a judgment decided by a trial court without that case going to trial; is an attempt to stop a case from going to trial |
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| the power of the U.S. courts to examine the laws or actions of the legislative and executive branches of the government and to determine whether such actions are consistent with the U.S. Constitution |
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| a group of House or Senate (or both) members gathered to discuss and debate proposed legislation and issues on specific topics |
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| presidential appointments |
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| the power of the U.S. President to choose members of his or her cabinet, ambassadors to other nations, and other officials in his or her administration |
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| an order that comes from the U.S. President or a government agency and must be obeyed like a law |
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Definition
| a group of House or Senate (or both) members gathered to discuss and debate proposed legislation and issues on specific topics |
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| presidential appointments |
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Definition
| the power of the U.S. President to choose members of his or her cabinet, ambassadors to other nations, and other officials in his or her administration |
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| an order that comes from the U.S. President or a government agency and must be obeyed like a law |
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| are regulations that govern a local |
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| Bills on which the president takes no action when less than 10 days remain in the congressional session |
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| a group of legislators gathered to discuss and debate proposed legislation and issues on specific topics |
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| state house of representatives |
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Definition
| the lower house of a state legislature (i.e., Florida House of Representatives) |
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| the head of a state government |
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| a member of the Florida House of Representatives (state representative) or Florida Senate (state senator) |
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| the upper house of a state legislature (i.e., Florida Senate) |
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| U.S. House of Representatives - |
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Definition
| the lower house of the U.S. Congress |
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Definition
| the upper house of the U.S. Congress |
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| a member of the U.S. Senate elected to represent an entire state, there are two senators per state |
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| a decision by an executive authority such as a president or governor to reject a proposed law or statute |
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| The lowest courts in Florida |
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| a court that hears both civil and criminal cases in one specific county |
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| decide civil cases involving minor amounts of money |
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| the second level of florida courts |
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| Florida District Court of Appeals |
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| an appellate court in the state court system |
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| United States district courts |
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| the lowest federal courts |
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| the right and power for courts to hear a case, interpret and apply the law |
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| he highest court of the United States; it sits at the top of the federal court system |
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| a group of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court |
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| a term that means the right to vote. |
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| means that the government gets it's permission to exist from the people. |
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| British Enlightenment think who popularized the social contract and natural law theories. |
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| French Enlightenment thinker who popularized the concepts of checks and balances and separation of powers. |
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