Sacred & Secular

Primary Goal: Emotion (Doctrine of Affections)

Engergy/Busy: energetic rhythms, forward momentum, long meolodies

Contrast: loud/soft, voices/instruments/kinds of instruments

Form: how to hold the music together

Orchestra: 10-30 players, mostly strings, others: winds, brass, percussion, harpsicord

Baroque period

instruments made by families

This is the most famous

it's the best: beautiful sound

don't know what makes it so great

Baroque music

A composition based upon the principal of contrast

Constant interplay between small group/solo and large group ripieno 

Consist of 3 sections/movements in a tempo of fast-slow-fast

Concierto Form

(Baroque)

Big    Little    Big    Little    Big    (etc)

tutti   soloist    tutti    soloist   tutti

ritornello    episode    ritornello    episode    ritornello

tutti=all  everyone plays, also called ripieno

ritornello=refrain   "that which returns

Program Music

(Baroque)

Instrumental

associated with a story, poem, idea or scene

usually nonmusical element specified by title/explanitory comments called a program

can represent the emotions, characters, and events of a particular story

can evoke the sounds and motions of nature

popular in 19th century

Absolute Music

(Baroque)

Opposite of Program Music

"Music for music's sake"

music that doesn't tell a story or make reference to anything outside itself

Vivaldi, "Spring" from The Four Seasons, I

1725

• son of a violinist at St. Mark's Cathedral, Venice
• trained as a priest
• violin teacher, composer, conductor of Venetian music school for orphaned and illegitimate girls
• famous and influential as violin virtuoso & composer
• died in poverty; revival of his music in 1940s and 50s

"Spring has arrived, and joyfully, / The birds greet it with happy song. / And the streams, fanned by gentle breezes, / Flow along with a sweet murmur. / Covering the sky with a black cloak, / Thunder and lightning come to announce the season. / When these have quieted down, the little birds / Return to their enchanting song."

Johann Sebastian Bach

1685-1750

• highpoint of the Baroque
• long line of musicians
• 20 children; 4 sons became composers
• various music positions, including church organist, court organist and later, concertmaster of court orchestra in Weimar, court conductor for prince of Cothen, director of music at St. Thomas Church in Leipzig
• deeply religious: Jesu Juva at beginning of compositions, Soli Deo Gloria at the end
• known as organist, harpsichordist, and improviser
• NOT most respected German composer in his day, now considered one of if not THE greatest Western
• composed in every genre of the day except opera

Bach, Brandenburg Concert No. 5 in D Major, I

1721

Although composed for the orchestra of his own employer, the prince of Cothen, the six Brandenburg concertos were dedicated to the Margrave of Brandenburg

Probably hoping for a job or at least some money for his music; didn't get a job, and probably didn't even get money for these works

Featured solo instruments in this piece: flute, violin, harpsichord (string, detatched sound)

Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D major, I

Tutti vs. Solo

Tutti: strings, harpsicord, no flute

-louder

-ritornello (or fragments)

-vigorous, straightforward

Solo: flute, violin, harpsicord

-softer

-new music or ritornello fragments

-brilliant, fanciful, personal sounds, more polyphonic

Express unity of mood (affections): joy, fear, sadness, etc.

Bach, "Little" Fugue in G Minor

1709

Baroque

He was particularly known as an organist and tester of organs; interestingly, he was not the most respected composer of his day

The opening of a fugue in four voices may be represented as follows:

Soprano: Subject.............................................

Alto:                 Subject..................................

Tenor:                          Subject.......................

Bass:                                      Subject............

musical sermon

composition in several movements

usually written for a chorus

one or more vocal soloists

instrumental ensemble

the church one for the Lutheran service in Germany during the Baroque period often included chorales

hymn tune sung to a German religious text

Baroque

Bach, Cantata No. 140: Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme

1731

Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins

Matthew 25

bridegroom comes in the middle of the night

some don't have oil for their lamps

"be prepared"

celebrating with Christ

at the end: features the Chorale

elegant and dance-like

Rococo

1715

rocaille--"stone or shell ornament"

subset of the Baroque

Luis XIV dies-King 72 years, encouraged nobility to live at Versailles

Versailles to Paris--people move back

Townhouses/Hotels--new houses of these nobility

Parties/Salons--gatehring room in townhouse

Frivolous, shallow lives--don't work, want to be impressive

interior design--Art&Music

Jean-Antonie Watteau, Pilgrimage to Cythera

1717

people paired off

idea of arostocracy going to Cythera--island of love

now getting on boat to go home

artist is master of color and texture

atmospheric perspective: boat and water; light, puffy, fuzzy portrayal

"elegant outdoor entertainment"

Venus sculpture, Cherubs, boat and couples

Rococo

Jean-Honore Fragonard, The Swing

1766

young woman being pushed on swing by local bishop, flirtatiously kicking shoe off towards her suitor

"perfumed" landscape=puffy looking

Cupid Sculpture

Rococo

"Haven't painters used their brushes in the service of vice and debauchery long enough, too long indeed?"

Goal: "moral" art; painting that seeks to move, to educate, to improve us, and to induce us to virtue"

Rococo

Neoclassicism

1750-1800

"The New Classicism"=Looking back to Greece and Rome

Focus on the mind

Age of:

Enlightenment-stress on the mind: questioning, speaking up, using value of reason

Revolution-American&French

Industrial Revolution

Discovery of Pompeii-archeological discovery: set off fascination w/Greco-Roman

Books concerning Rome&Greece

Value the look, sibject, attitude of ancient art

Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii

1785

Roman Influence:

1. Story-Horace and sons, pledging to fight, on behalf of Rome, to the death
2. "look"
3. arches
4. clothing

line>color  line=intellect (outline)

Neoclassical Goal: art that matters--"do the right thing" and intellect--makes you think

symmetry, courage, emotion

"didadic purpose, purity of form, and deep passion restrained by good taste"

Jacques-Louis David, Death of Marat

1793

Neoclassical self-sacrifice triumphs over Rococo self-indulgence

tinebrism

battle cry for Revolution

Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps

1801

art that matters & encourage virtue

Neoclassical

Defined: new classic--bringing back classical Greece and Rome

Message: elitism--know the past; alignment with values of the past

Paris: Vignon, La Madeleine

1807-1842

Roman temple

Neoclassical

Paris: various architects, Arch of Triumph

1806-1836

Neoclassical

United States: Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia

1770-1784

(and numerous buildings in Washington, D.C.)

temple front, dome, symmetry

red brick and wooden columns

(other buildings:pristine white) Supreme Court design

Thriving musical life--most music is secular

public concerts more common

home music-making business becomes popular

arrangement of gentlemen in playing various instruments (new past time)

gathering around & making music

Classicism in Music:

Characteristics

Rococo: elegant, sophisticated, pleasing/accessible, pretty (pleasing melodies & catchy rhyming=music that people will want to hear)

+

Greco-Roman: balance, order, symmetry, appeal to mind, controlled emotions (stress on musical form)

Music called "Classical" b/c they couldn't just copy the classic

Franz Joseph Haydn

1732-1809

• he and Mozart were the most important composers of Classical style
• son of wheelwright (exposed to music as child, esp. folk)
• choirboy at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
• beginning in 1761, served as musician to Esterhazy family (garanteed music would be heard)
• two visits to London in 1790s
• Napoleon posted honor guard outside Haydn's house to pay homage when he died
• composed about a dozen operas, more that 100 symphonies, nearly 70 string quartets, more than 50 keyboard sonatas, and large amout of choral music songs, and other chamber music; particularly know for symphonies and string quartets
• known for amiable personality which often comes through in music

Haydn, String Quartet in Eb Major, Op. 33, No. 2 (Mvt. 4)

"The Joke"

1781

Chamber Music

String Quartet

Rondo Form

Humor: plays with listener's expectations 

-wrote jokes into music

Classicism

music to be preformed in a chamber--house music

for small # of preformers, each w/own part

Classicism

2 violins, viola, cello

type of chamber music

Hayden is "father"

Classicism

"What goes around, comes around"

ideas at beginning, heard several times

Theme A constantly returns, altering w/contrasting passages/episodes

A (w/repetition) B A C A coda(ending)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

1756-1791

child prodigy from Salzburg, settled in Vienna

highly touted throughout Europe as child

never gained a permanent musical post as adult; frustrated by the "system"

incredibly prolific and versatile as composer: symphonies, concertos, chamber music, operas, music for various instruments

Mozart, Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550, I

1788

Sonata Form

most important musical structure of the classical era

important idea: form as a means to appeal to the mind (relates to the Greco-Roman love of balance, order, and structure)

similar to a play or novel--characters are introduced, events unfold, and situation is resolved

game plan or procedure, comparable to the rules for a sport or the outline for a paper

Classicism

Based on music---departure and return

exemplifies the enlightenment via clarity (mind), balance, and restrained emotion

combined with pleasing (catchy) rhythms and melodies

Stability-Conflict-Heightened tension-Stability&Resolution

Exposition             Development     Recapitulation  Coda

Th. 1  2 Closing Th.                        Th. 1    2   Cl.   End

Development: develops themes from Exposition, most dramatic and exciting, shows skill and versatility

Th 1: short, short, long

Th 2: smoother, more lyrical

Cl Th: closing idea

Coda=wrap up

Franz Schubert

1797-1828

son of Viennese schoolmaster; lived almost exclusively in Vienna

composed in various genres, including operas, symphonies, piano music, chamber music

particularly known for his art songs

Schubertiaden (gatherings in Vienna that featured his music)

art song (Lied; Lieder) One voice+Piano accompaniment

he composed 600 Lieder

these are notable for lyricism of the vocal part and often descriptive piano accompaniments, which are in partnership with the voice

was written when he was 18

poem by German writer Goethe

Characters: narrator, father, son, Erlkonig/death

Romantic: story--wild/mysterious nature, supernatural, emotions of fear and death, interplay of senses

music--galloping horse, changes of mood/style, dissonance, pitch

Primary goal: express emotion

nature, particularly its wild and untamed aspects (scary)

fascination with the bizarre, irrational, mythical

interplay of senses: visualize, hear, feel

restless, anxious

freedom of artistic expression, individuality, originality, genius

-sense of restraint, order and tradition

-economy of means

-form tends to be clear and traditional

-artist functions within chosen boundaires of restraint

-traditional form and artistic language are more important than personal expression

-sense of unrestrained and often innovative artistic activity

-extended use of all available resources and often a search for something new

-form tends to be less clear and more innovative

-artist throws off all restraint and seeks any means of self-expression

-personal expression is more important than form and/or traditional artistic language

natural disaster, awe inspiring

Romantic

*More an attitude than a technique*

Goal: express emotion

Nature: ever-changing, unpredictable, more powerful than people (even indifferent to them), analogous to human types and moods

-awesome, fascination, delightful

-popular subjects for artists

"Feeling is all." --Goethe

"The artist should paint not only what he sees BEFORE (in front of) him, but also what he sees WITHIN him.' --Friedrich

"I think, therefore I am"

"Art should have no other guide than the torch of Reason"

Nature: orderly, predictable, subject to laws discernible by observation, can be controlled (Few landscape artists)

Gericault, Raft of the Medusa

1818-1819

Like the titanic: ship headed for Africa, captain and crew take life boats, make raft for others and then cut the rope that's pulling them along

15/150 survived, rescued and survivors tell story

Made to look as real as possible: insanity, death, cannibalism, sighting the ship

2 triangles: ropes, people w/African man at top (honored)

power of nature

despair: father clutching dead son

invades our space

Michelangelo influence: draped figure, skilled anatomy

uncertainty

General: light/dark, muted colors, busy

"A thrilling combination of hope and horror"

Romantic

Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830

Revolution of 1830: contemporary event becomes heroic allegory of human struggle for freedom

Personification of Liberty

Lower class: with guns in hand

Repetition of tricolor

blending fact w/artistic license: man not wearing pants, woman's shirt down

racial minorities: on the hat

middle class: man with hat

Romantic

pleasant, orderly

Romantic

Friedrich, The Wanderer Above the Mists

See God in nature, want to commune w/nature

Mystery: mists&fog, we can't know it all, how nature can impress us and blow us away

Show man's back: rare, includes us because we are right behind him

John Constable, The Hay Wain

Goal: elevate landscape as a genre, "believable" pictures

"six-footer"--size of piece

Evokes peace&quiet country life, nostalgic reconstruction of idyllic past

Sketched out of doors, "snow"=adding flecks of white around

Portrays oneness w/nature sought be Romantic poets

Note: farmer fording river, dog

Influenced the impressionists

Ludwig Van Beethoven

1770-1827

-born in Germany; spent most of life in Vienna "City of Music"

-successful as composer, conductor, performer, teacher

-5th Symphony composed shortly after came to terms w/encroaching blindness

-sonata form (movement 1)

-reportedly referred to opening as "fate knocking at the door"

-represents his "heroic" phase

Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Mvt. I

1807-1808

-sonata form&new aspects--willing to break rules

-larger orchestra

-new way of playing--more aggressive

-longer movements&sections

-motif, not theme   short-short-short-long

-oboe solo=unexpected

-new theme in coda

-"take charge" attitude

Frederic Chopin

1810-1849

"Poet of the Piano"

-born in Poland; spent most of life in Paris

-composed almost exclusively for piano

-knew writers such as Victor Hugo, Balzac, and Heine; friends with Delacroix, Liszt, and Berloiz

-earned good living by teaching daughters of rich

-famed love affair w/Aurore Dudevant/George Sand

-died of tuberculosis, age 39

beautiful sound

rhythmic flexibility

atmospheric use of pedal

poetic subtleties of dynamics

-"Night piece" a slow lyrical, intimate composition

-lyricism is comparable to an opera aria/song

-note largely reflective mood, disrupted by a passionate outburst near the end, and tinge of melancholy, which is typical of his works

-2 musical themes

glorifies both American&Czech spirit

-musical postcard from Abroad

-influences: American Indian melodies, folk songs, spirituals (but original)

"ruggedness, openness, brassy confidence that are American in the best sense"

-poor family near Prague, where later studied music, struggled at first

-1892-5: NY conservatory director; Iowa-Czech community

-leading composer of Czech nationalism

deliberately giving one's music a national identity

via: folk songs, dances, legends, portrayals of the countryside, etc.

Edouard Manet

1832-1883

"Pioneer of Modern Life"

-steeped in realism

-traditon

-wants to create something new

-technique

-break rules

Impressionism

Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergere

1882

-Focus on contemporary life:capturing a moment of contemporary life

-light reflecting

-idea of people in background

-smoke

-she's standing in front of mirror (?)

-electric and gas lighting

Goal: present the immediate sensation through color and light

Significance: first total artistic revolution since the Renaissance; determined the course of most art that followed

Unique: departed from tradition by rejecting R. perspective, balance composition, idealized figures and chiaroscuro

Appearance: blurred, hazy, unfinished, hurried; small, vivid brush strokes of pure color give dazzling brilliance

Subjects: landscapes, waterfront scenes, light-hearted themes of people having fun

-romantic love of freedom, individuality

-spirit of escapism

-love of nature

-portable art materials: allow painting outside

-color theories

-photography: cropping, angles

-Japanese prints: capture "the moment"

Claude Monet

1840-1926

Goal: capture a momentary impression through color and light

eye---------atmosphere-------->object

air modifies object in terms of color and light

Monet, Impression, Sunrise

1872

-started name of period

-light reflections suggested

-the idea of these things

-not as fluid as later style

Monet, Series: Rouen Cathedral and Haystacks

-capturning different lighting w/same setting/object

-looks like it's melting

-beautiful pastel colors, subtle

(Haystacks--different hay arrangements)

Impressionism

Monet, Waterlilies

-focus: light on water&recreation of his water lily pond

-Japanese art

Impressionism

Francois Rude, La Marseillaise

The Departure of the Volunteers of 1782

-Roman goddess of war personifies Liberty

-classical costumes/nudity

Romantic Composition

-densley packed, overlapping masses

-jagged contours

-violence of motion

-result:idealized, dramatic, emotional, propaganda, busy

-MANY created, enough already?

Auguste Rodin, Burghers of Calais

1884-1889

"First Modern Sculptor"

-uniquely personal style (aspects of Impres. + Expressionism)

-Impres: capture a moment, surface catches light

-Expres: distortion of arms, hands, legs; human body as means of emotional expression

-psychological complexity: each figure=study of despair, defiance, resignation

-low base--ordinary people can do great things

Claude Debussy

1862-1918

Goal: create and "impression" similar to what Monet was doing in painting

Tequniques: whole-tone-scale

-pentatonic scale (black keys)

-floating rhythm (lack of a strong beat)

-less emphasis upon structure, more upon the "moment"

-sound important: carefully chosen orchestral intruments: colorful, often delicate, expects piano to achieve variety of sounds

-deceptive titles

Bottom line: Art is _____--whatever you want it to be

(Traditional View: good art is worthwhile subject matter and skill)

1. Methodical: Seurat, Cezanne --> Cubism: Picasso --> Nonobjective Art: Mondrian/Brancusi

2. Emotional: Van Gogh --> Expressionism: Munch  --> Nonobjective Art: Kandinsky

Seurat, Sunday Afternoon on La Grande Jatte, 1884-86

Methodical Post-Impressionism

-pointillism: using dots of color and letting the eye turn it into a specific color

-uses color theory to get the eye to see what he wants it to see

-repetition of shapes

-side profile

Cezanne, Still Life with Soup Tureen, 1877

Methodical Post-Impressionism

-loved still life

-angles: from side & top of soup

-patches of color: w/little shading--pairing things down: reducing instead of detailing

-geometric shapes: fruit

Paul Cezanne

1839-1906

Methodical Post-Impressionist

Goal: "to make of Impressionism something solid and durable, like the art of the museams"

Known for: reducing objects to their underlying geometrical shapes, increasingly presenting patches of color, and looking at objects from more than one angle

Cezanne, Mount Sainte-Victoire Series

Methodical Post-Impressionism

-reduces what he sees, but still recognizable

-dozens of images over time

-Mt., valley, sheds, aquaduct, etc.

-passage--some patches blend with one another

-push-pull effect on the mountain

Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907

Methodical Post-Impressionism

-Subjects: prostitutes (Avignon=red light district, Paris)

-Influences:

~Egyptian art--eye on side of head

~Greek & Entire Western Tradition--nudity

~African(primitive)--energy/power

~Cezanne--more than 1 angle

-still life

-Significance: redefines art, leads to cubism, reflects 20th C fragmentation

Picasso, Portrait of Ambroise Vollard

-like shardes of glass

Stravinsky, Le Sacre du Printemps

The Rite of Spring

Part I: Intro, Omens of Spring--Dances of the Youths and Maidens; Ritual Abduction

1913

-likened to Picasso's Women of Avignon due to revolutionary technique, primitivism

-Paris premiere provoked a riot

-audience shocked and outraged by paga primitivism, strident dissonance, percussiveness, and driving rhythms

-soon recognized as masterpiece; highly influential around world

-came to him in fleeting vision--girl dancing herself to death as sacrifice to propiatite god of spring

-primitivism, dissonance/bitonality, driving rhythms of syncopation, harsh and jarring and unexpected

Post-Impressionism (methodical)

De Stijl

THE Style

Impressionism

-cubism taken to its logical conclusion

-serene art of pure geometry

-eminating emotion from art

Mondrian, Composition in Red, Yellow, and Blue, 1920

-Carried Cubism to nonobjective art

-uses primary colors

-non-colors: black, white, gray

-art to end all art? tell us about art now

-vertical lines: vitality

-horizontal lines: tranquility

-crossing of lines: dynamic equilibrium

Methodical Post-Impressionism

Brancusi, Bird in Space 1928

-formal abstraction in sculpture

-base

-metal: bronze

-legal debate: trying to define "What is Art?"

-Goal: "the essence of things"--reduces to its most concentrated, elemental

Methodical Post-Impressionism

Van Gogh, Self Portraits

-from Holland, son of Pastor, tried missions work

-S. of France for sun light

-prone to seizures=insane assylum--shot himself

*impasto--often used knife instead of brush

Emotional Post-Impressionism

applying paint very thickly

Post-Impression

Van Gogh, The Night Cafe, 1888

-real place--distorted (colors) to show emotion

-colors and shapes create distortion

Emotional Post-Impressionism

Munch, The Scream, 1893

-expressionism=distortion of color and shape to express emotion

-alienation--common theme of 20th C.

Emotional Post-Impressionism

Kandinsky, Yellow, Red, Blue, 1925

-"inventor" of nonobjective art

-teaching art at German college

-nonobjective: no object

-focus: color expressing emotion

-color and shapes

Emotional Post-Impressionism

-post WWI

-protest against maddness of war

-cultivated absurditiy

-mistrused reason and the establishment

-goal: denounce & shock

-everything is meaningless

Duchamp, Fountain, 1917

-readymade: store bought object

-create a new thought for an object

-wrote made-up name on it

Dada

Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q

-poster: added facial hair, added letters that sound like "look" (in french means an obscene comment about her)

-the poster was already a different interpretation of the Mona Lisa 

Surrealism

20th Century

-power of unconscious

-Freud's free-association & dream analysis

Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931

-"I want to paint like a madman"

-very small in size

-like a dream/dream world

-features: dead tree, melting watches, ants on metal, blob of flesh: Dali?, isolated and eirie landscape

Giacometti, City Square, 1948

-influenced by Cubism, Surrealism, and--ultimately--Existentialism

-small block 6" high

-5 figures--roughly modeled

-emaciated (almost disappear)

-figures stride through endless space; never meet

-physical & psychic distance/modern alienation/isolation

-difference in view of humanity

Picasso, Guernica, 1937

-Symbols: bull--brutality

horse--vicimized humanity

electric light bulb--truth

flower--hope

-other features: cubism--bull, surrealism: unreal, nightmarish, atmosphere, and expressionism--in tear drop face

Modern Art as Political Statement:

Picasso, Guernica

-protest against futility of war

-April 26, 1937: a strike force of 33 planes, each loaded with 3000 lbs of bombs, pummeled the town of Guernica, in N. Spain, killing 1000 innocent citizens and raising 15 square blocks

-uses black, white, and grays to suggest mourning and newsprint