Term
| Circulatory role of Transport |
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Definition
-takes oxy to cells
-removes CO2
-picks up nutrients +delivers
-carries hormones
transports stem cells to place where they mature |
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Term
| Ciculatory System role in Protection |
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Definition
inflamattion
white blood cells destroy invaders
-antibodies neutralize toxins
-platelets secrete factors that initiate clotting and minimize blood loss |
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Term
| Ciculatory Role of Regulation |
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Definition
blood capillaries stabilize fluid distribudion
-buffering
regulate body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
RBCS
platelets
WBCs
lymphocytes
monocytes
agranulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
matrix of blood
Consists of about half of the volume of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| identical to plasma except for it lacks the clotting protein fibrinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| shows the concentration of precentage of erythrocytes |
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Term
| Precentages of Blood Components |
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Definition
45% RBC
1% leukocytes and platelets
55% plasma |
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Term
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Definition
smallet and most abundant plasma protein
transport
contributes to osmolarity and viscocity |
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Term
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Definition
plasma protein
alpha,beta, gamma
transport, clotting and immunity |
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Term
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Definition
plasma protein
precursor to fibrin
forms framework of a blood clot |
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Term
| liver production of plasma proteins |
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Definition
| all except gamma globulin (comes from B lymphocytes) |
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Term
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Definition
transports copper
plasma protein |
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Term
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Definition
transports iron
plasma protein |
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Term
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Definition
| transports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
toxic end prods of metablosm
most abundant is urea
excreted by kidneys |
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Term
|
Definition
resistance of fluid to flow
4.5-5.5x more viscous than water
plasma is 2 x more viscous than water alone |
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Term
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Definition
total molarity of dissolved particles
(ions, proteins, nutrients)
high osmolarity causes fluid absorption into blood and raises pressure
low osmolarity causes fluids to remain in tissue and causes edema and drop in pressure
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Term
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Definition
COP
contribution of protein to blood osmotic pressure
inc or dec in protein synthesis can cause changes in blood osmotic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
deficient plasma protein
(usually from poor diets)
tissues become endematous and fuild accumulates in the abdominal cavity, condition called ascites |
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Term
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Definition
arms leg lack muscle
skin is shiny and tight with edema
swollen abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
production of blood
400 billion platelets, 200 billion RBC and 10 billion WBC each day |
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Term
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Definition
cells that produce blood cells
infancy stem cells migtate to bone marrow, liver spleen and thymus
after birth liver stops producing blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC formation from lymph tissue (tonsil, thymus, nodes, spleen and peyers patch |
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Term
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Definition
blood formation from pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow
produces 7 types of blood cells *RBCs, WBCs, and platelets* |
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Term
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Definition
gas transport (high surface/volume ratio)
from loss of organells, and inc diffusion rate of substance
33% of cytoplasm is hemoglobin
-this causes oxygen delivery to tissue and CO2 transport to lungs
also have Carbonic anhydrase which makes HCO3 from CO2 and water
this is a key role in pH |
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Term
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Definition
4 globins
2 alpha 2 beta
heme group in each globin
so 1 hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen
Fetal hemoglobin has gamma chains and binds oxy more tightly |
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Term
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Definition
packed cell volume
% of whole blood volume composed of RBCs
men 42-52%
women 47-48%
rbc and hemoglobin concentration is also less in women
androgens stimulate RBC producion
inv ratio of body fat |
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Term
| Negative Feedback Loops in erythrocytes |
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Definition
dec RBC causes hypoxemia (oxy deficiency)
inc EPO synthesis
-EPO raises production of RBC from bone marrow |
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Term
| Erythropoiesis Regulators |
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Definition
low o2
inc excercise
loss of long tissue |
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Term
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Definition
EPO
synthesized by pertibular capillary
inc RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
stomach converts Fe3+ to Fe2+
gastroferritin binds Fe2+
transferrin binds this in the blood
transferrin takes it to marrow or muscles
some Fe is used for hemoglobin
some bind to apoferritin for storage in liver as ferritin |
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Term
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Definition
Pluripotent stem cell becomes a ertyrhocyte colony-forming unit
this has receptors for EPO
EPO changes colony-forming unit to erthyroblast
has nucleus which makes hemoglobin
after this is done, it shrivvles and dicharged making a Reticuloyte(which as polyribosomes in it)
reticuloyte becoems erythrocyte |
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Term
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Definition
lysed by sinusoids in spleen
macrophages digest large debris
Heme is converted to Bilivedin (green)
lbiliverdin is converted to bilirubin and secreted by liver
metabolized to urobilinogen by bacteria and pooped out |
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Term
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Definition
primary: bone marrow caner
secondary: natural elevation of EPO
-relative polycthemia: dehydration and decreased blood volume
all inc blood pressure, viscosity
this can lead to embolism, stroke or heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| low erythropoiesis of low Hemoglobin syntheis |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of intrinisc factor or low B12 |
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Term
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Definition
| total destruction of myeloid tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| RBC distruction by drugs toxins, parasites or sickle-cell |
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Term
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Definition
shortness of breath from hypoxia (oxy depervation)
low blood osmolarity (tissue edema)
low blood viscosity (inc heart rate and dec blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
EPO injection
iron supplemenetation
intrinsic factor injection
testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
point mutation (E6V) in beta-globin chain
-if its resesive then your fucked
-heterozygous causes malaria resistence
-sickle cells form blockages from aggergation |
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Term
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Definition
from mosquito injecting parasites into blood
treatment includes
chloroquine (quinine)
artemisia (artemisinin) |
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Term
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Definition
presence of A or B antigens on RBC
attack all blood that doesnt have specific mark
Type O has neither antigen
O is the universal donor
AB is the universal recipient |
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Term
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Definition
| wrong blood type causes the RBC to be broken down and their free heme groups block kidney tubules which then the person dies from renal failure |
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Term
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Definition
| antigens on surface of RBC |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies on the surface of the RBC |
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Term
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Definition
| polysachs and glycolipids that are unique |
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Term
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Definition
| bind antigens and mark them for distruction |
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Term
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Definition
Rh+ type has D antigens
85% frequency
Rh- combined with it would be bad
anti-d antibodies are typically not present |
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Term
| Hemolytic Diseas of Newborn |
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Definition
if mother formed antibodies and is pregnent with the 2nd Rh+ child
Rh antibodies will attack fetal blood (cause anemia)
RhoGAM is given to them that binds fetal antigens in blood so they wond form Anti-D antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
WBC
large nucleus
protects against infectious agents
blood born until recrutied by tissue |
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Term
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Definition
have granules
neutrophils,eosinophils, basophils |
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Term
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Definition
granulocyte
most abundant
early response to infection
fine granules (3-5 lobed nuclei)
phagocytosis of bacteria
release antimicrobial chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
granulocyte
allergy and parasite recognition
large rosy-orange color (bilobed nucleus)
phagocytosize antigen-antibody complexes, and allergens
release enzymes to destroy parasites |
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Term
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Definition
granulocyte
allergy, histamine and heparin release
lark dark purple ganuels (often obscures nucleus)
histamine (vasodilator)
heparin (anticoagulant)
release other agents |
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Term
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Definition
agranulocytes (lack granules)
blue cytoplasm, round dark nucleus
destroy cells (cancer,virus)
present antigens for activation of immune
secrete antibodies
provide immune memory |
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Term
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Definition
agranulocytes
viral and inflammation
largest WBC
oval horse-shoe nucleus
diffentiate into macrophages
present antigens as well |
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Term
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Definition
production of WBC
begins with pluipotent stem cells
myeloblasts, monoblast, and lymphoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
| form neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| form B and T lymphoctyes in the thymus |
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Term
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Definition
low WBC
caused by positions, infectious disease and radiation
inc risk of infection |
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Term
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Definition
high WBC count
cuased by immune respone to infection, allergy or disease |
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Term
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Definition
cancer of hemopoitic tissue
myeloid and lymphoid tissue causes uncontrolled WBC production
normal cell % is distrubed and clotting is impaired
Treatment: |
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Term
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Definition
fragments of Megakaryocte cytoplasm
do have organells
secretes vasoconstrictors and clotting factors
initaes formation of clot-dissolving enzymes
attract neutrophils and monocytes to inflammation
phagocytize bacteria
secrete growth factors |
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Term
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Definition
production of platelets
stem cells become megakaryoblast
megakaryoblasts do not divide, and mature in bone marrow
mature megakaryocytes fragments enter blood stream as platelets
some is stored in spleen |
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Term
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Definition
causes: pain receptor stimulation, smooth mucle injury triggers platelets to release serotonin which causes vasoconstriction
Response: constriction of BV's
allows time for other clotting pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| process of vessel healing/repair |
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Term
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Definition
endothelium is smooth and coated with prostacyclin
platelets stick to damaged vessel
recruit others and form a plug in the hole |
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Term
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Definition
releases serotonin
ADP (attracts and degranulates platelets)
Thromboxane A2 (promotes aggergation and vasoconstriction)
PDGF for vessel repair
postive feedback until tight plug is formed |
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Term
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Definition
plavix
acts to block ADP from making clots |
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Term
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Definition
blocks formation of thromboxane A2
thru COX-1 |
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Term
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Definition
clottng, most effective defense
-converts plasma protein fibrinogen to insoluable fibrin and forms meshwork of clot
procoagulants activate more and more clotting factors |
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Term
| Extrinsic Coagulation Pathway |
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Definition
tissue factors trigger clotting cascade
initiated by tissue thromboplastin
cascade of factor VII, V, and X
fewer steps than intrinsic |
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Term
| Intrinsic Pathway of Coagulation |
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Definition
blood factors trigger clotting cascade (platelet degranulation)
starts with factor XII
cascade to factor Xi-IX to VII to X
calcium is required for conversion of factor IX to Factor VIII |
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Term
| Factor X Pathway of Coagulation |
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Definition
both intrinsic and extrinsic result in this pathway
-activate Factor X produces prothrombin activator
prothrombin activator makes thrombin
thrombin makes fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombine also enhaves the formation of prothrombin activator |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prekalikrein with factor VII convert to Kalikrein which changed plasminogen to plasmin which causes fibrin to form fibrin degradation products |
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Term
| Platelet Derived Growth Factors |
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Definition
| stimulate fibroblast and smooth muscle to mutiply for repair damage |
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Term
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Definition
dissolving a clot
facto 7 speeds up kalikrein enzyme
iV injection of tPA (streptokinase) will do this too |
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Term
| Tissue Plasminogen Activator |
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Definition
tPA
helps convert plasminogen to plasmin |
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Term
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Definition
prevents platelet adherence
platelet repulsion |
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Term
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Definition
causes rapid blod flow
shock can cause clotting |
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Term
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Definition
| interferes with the formation of prothrombin activator |
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Term
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Definition
| deactivates thrombin before it acts on fibrinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| clot moves and travels to a vessel |
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Term
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Definition
clotting in an unbroken vessel
often legs or arsm
pulmonary embolisms travel to lungs |
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Term
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Definition
lact clotting factors
Hemo-A lack factor VIII
Hemo-B miss factor IX
Hemo-C miss XI |
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Term
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Definition
low platelet count
bone marrow destruction |
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Term
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Definition
warfarin
vitamin K blockers
(cant make clotting factors) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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